Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США - Агата Демаре

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690

Китайское название ковша Большой Медведицы. (Прим. пер.)

691

Toru Tsunashima, “In 165 Countries, China’s Beidou Eclipses American GPS”, Nikkei Asia, November 25, 2020, https://asia. nikkei. com/Politics/International-relations/In‐165-countries-China-s-Beidou-eclipses-American-GPS.

692

Cheng Ting-Fang and Lauly Li, “China’s SMIC Stockpiles Chip Equipment to Counter US Restrictions”, Nikkei Asia, September 30, 2020, https://asia. nikkei. com/Politics/International-relations/US-China-tensions/China-s-SMIC‐stockpiles-chip-equipment-to-counter-US‐restrictions.

693

Aurélien Duthoit, “China: Riding the Silicon Ox?”, Euler Hermes, February 9, 2021, https://www. eulerhermes. com/en_global/news-insights/economic-insights/China-Riding-the-silicon-ox. html.

694

«Великий поход» — переход коммунистических отрядов из Южного Китая через горные районы в 1934–1936 годах во время Гражданской войны в Китае. (Прим. пер.)

695

Kathrin Hille and Sun Yu, “Chinese Groups Go from Fish to Chips in New ‘Great Leap Forward,’ ” Financial Times, October 13, 2020, https://www. ft. com/content/46edd2b2–1734–47da‐8e77–21854ca5b212.

696

Отсылка к «Большому скачку» — китайской кампании (1958–1960) по развитию страны, закончившейся катастрофическим провалом. (Прим. пер.)

697

Salvatore Babones, “China’s Drive to Make Semiconductor Chips Is Failing”, Foreign Policy, December 14, 2020, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/12/14/china-technology-sanctions-huawei-chips-semiconductors.

698

Graham Kendall, “Apollo 11 Anniversary: Could an iPhone Fly Me to the Moon?”, Independent, July 9, 2019, https://www. independent. co. uk/news/science/apollo‐11-moon-landing-mobile-phones-smartphone-iphone-a8988351. html.

699

Chris Miller, “America Is Going to Decapitate Huawei”, New York Times, September 15, 2020, https://www. nytimes. com/2020/09/15/opinion/united-states-huawei. html.

700

Bown, “How Trump’s Export Curbs on Semiconductors and Equipment Hurt the US”.

701

Varas and Varadarajan, “How Restrictions to Trade with China Could End US Leadership”.

702

JamesKynge,“HuaweiRecordsBiggestJumpinPatentOwnershipin2020”, Financial Times, March 17, 2021, https://www. ft. com/content/614c6149–2f6e‐482f-b64a‐97aa2496ac7f.

703

Ting-Fang and Li, “China’s SMIC Stockpiles Chip Equipment”.

704

Kathrin Hille, Yuan Yang, and Qianer Liu, “Huawei Develops Plan for Chip Plant to Help Beat US Sanctions”, Financial Times, November 1, 2020, https://www. ft. com/content/84eb666e‐0af3–48eb‐8b60–3f53b19435cb.

705

Karen Sutter, “ ‘Made in China 2025’ Industrial Policies: Issues for Congress”, Congressional Research Service, accessed October 14, 2020, https://crsreports. congress. gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10964.

706

Varas and Varadarajan, “How Restrictions to Trade with China Could End US Leadership”.

707

James Kynge and Mercedes Ruehl, “China Snaps Up Chip Talent from US Firms”, Financial Times, November 25, 2020, https://www. ft. com/content/9f5e4e53–7f7c‐4206-a929–9a0d5baa9bf5.

708

Ian Fergusson and Karen Sutter, “U. S. Export Control Reforms and China: Issues for Congress”, Congressional Research Service, accessed October 13, 2020, https://crsreports. congress. gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11627.

709

Varas and Varadarajan, “How Restrictions to Trade with China Could End US Leadership”.

710

James Lewis, “Semiconductors and Modern Defense Spending”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, September 8, 2020, https://www. csis. org/analysis/semiconductors-and-modern-defense-spending.

711

Yue Yue, Wang Liwei, and Han Wei, “Four Things to Know About the State’s Role in China’s Private Investment Market”, Caixin Global, October 14, 2020, https://www. caixinglobal. com/2020–10–14/four-things-to-know-about-the-states-role-in-chinas-private-investment-market‐101614377. html.

712

“America’s Latest Salvo Against Huawei”, Economist.

713

Yoko Kubota, “China Sets Up New $29 Billion Semiconductor Fund”, Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2019, https://www. wsj. com/articles/china-sets-up-new‐29-billion-semiconductor-fund‐11572034480.

714

Samuel Shen and Josh Horwitz, “China Tech Veterans to Launch ‘Domestic Replacement’ Fund Amid U. S. Sanctions”, Reuters, September 15, 2020, https://www. reuters. com/article/china-tech-fund-idUSKBN25Z1R9.

715

Frank Tang, “China’s Five-Year Plan to Focus on Independence as US Decoupling Threat Grows”, South China Morning Post, May 24, 2020, https://www. scmp. com/economy/china-economy/article/3085683/coronavirus-china-five-year-plan-focus-independence-us.

716

Lewis, “Semiconductors and Modern Defense Spending”.

717

“Notes from a CSIS Virtual Event: American Leadership in Semiconductor Manufacturing”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 13, 2020, https://csis-website-prod. s3. amazonaws. com/s3fs-public/event/201014_Leadership_Semiconductor_Manufacturing. pdf.

718

Zeyi Yang, “Chinese Companies Are Making Their Own Semiconductors”, Protocol, March 13, 2021, https://www. protocol. com/china/chinese-companies-make-own-semiconductors.

719

Hille and Yu, “Chinese Groups Go from Fish to Chips”.

720

Sidney Leng, “US Semiconductor Giant Shuts China Factory Hailed as ‘a Miracle,’ in Blow to Beijing’s Chip Plans”, South China Morning Post, May 20, 2020, https://www. scmp. com/economy/china-economy/article/3085230/us-semiconductor-giant-shuts-china-factory-hailed-miracle.

721

Sidney Leng and Orange Wang, “China’s Semiconductor Drive Stalls in Wuhan, Exposing Gap in Hi-Tech Production Capabilities”, South China Morning Post, August 28, 2020, https://www. scmp. com/economy/china-economy/article/3099100/chinas-semiconductor-drive-stalls-wuhan-exposing-gap-hi-tech.

722

Hille and Yu, “Chinese Groups Go from Fish to Chips”.

723

Hille, Yang, and Liu, “Huawei Develops Plan for Chip Plant”.

724

Duthoit, “China: Riding the Silicon Ox?”

725

Ting-Fang and Li, “China’s SMIC Stockpiles Chip Equipment”.

726

Babones, “China’s Drive to Make Semiconductor Chips Is Failing”.

727

Eliza Gkritsi, “A Chinese Firm Made a Memory Chip That Can Compete with Samsung. What’s Next?”, Technode. com, April 23, 2020, https://technode. com/2020/04/23/ymtc-memory-chip.

728

Cheng Ting-Fang, “China’s Top Maker of Memory Chips Plans to Double Output in 2021”, Nikkei Asia, January 12, 2021, https://asia. nikkei. com/Business/China-tech/China-s-top-maker-of-memory-chips-plans-to-double-output-in‐2021.

729

Varas and Varadarajan, “How Restrictions to Trade with China Could End US Leadership”.

730

“SIA Urges U. S. Government Action”, Semiconductor Industry Association.

731

“China’s “Dual-Circulation” Strategy Means Relying Less on Foreigners”, Economist, November 7, 2020, https://www. economist. com/china/2020/11/07/chinas-dual-circulation-strategy-means-relying-less-on-foreigners.

732

Duthoit, “China: Riding the Silicon Ox?”