Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США - Агата Демаре

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447

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448

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449

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450

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451

Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.

452

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455

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456

В марте 2023 года европейские страны приняли решение отказаться от INSTEX. (Прим. пер.)

457

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461

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463

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464

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465

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466

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467

Natasha Bright, “Sanctioned Nations Explore Bypassing Swift”, Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists, February 6, 2020, https://sanctionsassociation. org/sanctioned-nations-explore-bypassing-swift.

468

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469

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470

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471

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472

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473

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474

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475

Thomas Erdbrink, “How Bitcoin Could Help Iran Undermine U. S. Sanctions”, New York Times, January 29, 2019, https://www. nytimes. com/2019/01/29/world/middleeast/bitcoin-iran-sanctions. html.

476

Ellen Nakashima, “U. S. Accuses Three North Koreans of Conspiring to Steal More than $1.3 Billion in Cash and Cryptocurrency”, Washington Post, February 18, 2021, https://www. washingtonpost. com/national-security/north-korea-hackers-banks-theft/2021/02/17/3dccf0dc‐7129–11eb‐93be-c10813e358a2_story. html.

477

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478

Natasha Bright, “Do Cryptocurrencies Pose a Sanctions Risk?”, Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists, October 4, 2019, https://sanctionsassociation. org/do-cryptocurrencies-pose-a-sanctions-risk.

479

Tanvi Ratna, “Iran Has a Bitcoin Strategy to Beat Trump”, Foreign Policy, January 24, 2020, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/01/24/iran-bitcoin-strategy-cryptocurrency-blockchain-sanctions.

480

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481

Author’s calculations using Swift, CHIPS, and Fedwire data.

482

Монеро (англ. Monero, от эспер. Monero — «монета») — криптовалюта на основе протокола CryptoNote, ориентированная на повышенную конфиденциальность транзакций. Криптовалюта появилась 18 апреля