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7, 2017, https://rusi. org/sites/default/files/20170707_transatlantic_misalignment_keatinge. dall_. tabrizi. lain_final. pdf.

446

Ellie Geranmayeh and Manuel Lafont Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”, European Council on Foreign Relations, June 2019, https://www. ecfr. eu/page/-/4_Meeting_the_challenge_of_secondary_sanctions. pdf.

447

Keatinge, Dall, Bassiri Tabrizi, and Lain, “Transatlantic (Mis)alignment”.

448

Marcin Szczepański, “Economic Impact on the EU of Sanctions over Ukraine Conflict”, European Parliament, October 2015, https://www. europarl. europa. eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/569020/EPRS_BRI(2015)569020_EN. pdf.

449

David Enrich, Gabriele Steinhauser, and Matthew Dalton, “Loopholes Blunt Impact of U. S., EU Sanctions over Ukraine”, Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2014, https://www. wsj. com/articles/eu-units-of-russian-banks-exempt-from-sanctions‐1406714101.

450

Rick Gladstone, “U. S. Says Greek Executive Evaded Sanctions on Iran”, New York Times, March 14, 2013, https://www. nytimes. com/2013/03/15/world/middleeast/us-says-a-greek-helped-iran-evade-sanctions. html.

451

Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.

452

Niklas Helwig and Juha Jokela, “Future Prospects: Adapting to the Geo-economic Environment”, in Sharpening EU Sanctions Policy for a Geopolitical Era, ed. Niklas Helwig, Juha Jokela, and Clara Portela (Helsinki: Publications of the Government’s Analysis, Assessment and Research Activities, 2020), https://www. fiia. fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/vnteas_report_sharpening-eu-sanctions-policy-for-a-geopolitical-era. pdf.

453

Jonathan Hackenbroich, “Defending Europe’s Economic Sovereignty: New Ways to Resist Economic Coercion”, European Council on Foreign Relations, October 20, 2020, https://ecfr. eu/publication/defending_europe_economic_sovereignty_new_ways_to_resist_economic_coercion.

454

“Joint Statement on the Creation of INSTEX, the Special Purpose Vehicle Aimed at Facilitating Legitimate Trade with Iran in the Framework of the Efforts to Preserve the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)”, E3 Foreign Ministers, January 31, 2019, https://www. diplomatie. gouv. fr/en/country-files/iran/news/article/joint-statement-on-the-creation-of-instex-the-special-purpose-vehicle-aimed-at.

455

“European Union, Trade in Goods with Iran”, European Commission, May 8, 2020, https://webgate. ec. europa. eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_iran_en. pdf.

456

В марте 2023 года европейские страны приняли решение отказаться от INSTEX. (Прим. пер.)

457

Jim Brunsden, Sam Fleming, and Philip Stafford, “EU Sets Out Plans to Curb Reliance on Dollar in Post-Trump Era”, Financial Times, January 16, 2021, https://www. ft. com/content/20f39e33-e360–479e‐82e2–5441d24f0e0b.

458

“Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, the European Economic and Financial System: Fostering Openness, Strength and Resilience”, European Commission, January 19, 2021, https://eur-lex. europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0032&from=EN.

459

Kit Rees and Viktoria Dendrinou, “EU Sets Out Plans to Limit U. S. Dollar Reliance, Boost Euro”, Bloomberg, January 16, 2021, https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2021–01–16/eu-draft-sets-out-plans-to-limit-u-s-dollar-reliance-ft.

460

Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.

461

“The International Role of the Euro”, European Central Bank, accessed March 18, 2021, https://www. ecb. europa. eu/pub/ire/html/ecb. ire202006~81495c263a. en. html.

462

“Dethroning the Dollar”, Economist.

463

Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.

464

Kate Duguid, “Iran Oil Sanctions Could Advance China’s ‘Petro-yuan,’ ” Reuters, May 10, 2018, https://uk. reuters. com/article/uk-iran-nuclear-china-oil/iran-oil-sanctions-could-advance-chinas-petro-yuan-idUKKBN1IB32H.

465

Max Seddon and Henry Foy, “Russia Looks at Alternatives to Dollar for Energy Transactions”, Financial Times, October 13, 2019, https://www. ft. com/content/704cde6c-eb53–11e9-a240–3b065ef5fc55.

466

Nikhilesh De, “In Wargaming Exercise, a Digital Renminbi Neuters US Sanctions and North Korea Buys Nukes”, MIT Media Lab, November 20, 2019, https://www. media. mit. edu/articles/in-wargaming-exercise-a-digital-yuan-neuters-us-sanctions-and-north-korea-buys-nukes.

467

Natasha Bright, “Sanctioned Nations Explore Bypassing Swift”, Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists, February 6, 2020, https://sanctionsassociation. org/sanctioned-nations-explore-bypassing-swift.

468

Clea Simon, “Cryptocurrency and National Insecurity”, Harvard Gazette, November 20, 2019, https://news. harvard. edu/gazette/story/2019/11/crisis-simulation-maps-national-security-risks-of-digital-currency.

469

Raju Gopalakrishnan and Manuel Mogato, “Bangladesh Bank Official’s Computer Was Hacked to Carry Out $81 Million Heist: Diplomat”, Reuters, May 19, 2016, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-cyber-heist-philippines-idUSKCN0YA0CH.

470

James Areddy, “China Creates Its Own Digital Currency, a First for Major Economy”, Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2021, https://www. wsj. com/articles/china-creates-its-own-digital-currency-a-first-for-major-economy‐11617634118.

471

Top 10 °Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalization”, CoinMarketCap, accessed May 13, 2022, https://coinmarketcap. com.

472

Ruchir Sharma, “Will Bitcoin End the Dollar’s Reign?”, Financial Times, December 9, 2020, https://www. ft. com/content/ea33b688–12e0–459c‐80c5–2efba58e6f1a.

473

“Bitcoin at ‘Tipping Point,’ Citi Says as Price Surges”, Reuters, March 1, 2021, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-crypto-currency-bitcoin-citi-idUSKCN2AT23H.

474

Peter Harrell and Elizabeth Rosenberg, “Economic Dominance, Financial Technology, and the Future of U. S. Economic Coercion”, Center for a New American Security, April 29, 2019, https://www. cnas. org/publications/reports/economic-dominance-financial-technology-and-the-future-of-u-s-economic-coercion.

475

Thomas Erdbrink, “How Bitcoin Could Help Iran Undermine U. S. Sanctions”, New York Times, January 29, 2019, https://www. nytimes. com/2019/01/29/world/middleeast/bitcoin-iran-sanctions. html.

476

Ellen Nakashima, “U. S. Accuses Three North Koreans of Conspiring to Steal More than $1.3 Billion in Cash and Cryptocurrency”, Washington Post, February 18, 2021, https://www. washingtonpost. com/national-security/north-korea-hackers-banks-theft/2021/02/17/3dccf0dc‐7129–11eb‐93be-c10813e358a2_story. html.

477

“The Financial World’s Nervous System Is Being Rewired”, Economist, May 9, 2020, https://www. economist. com/special-report/2020/05/07/the-financial-worlds-nervous-system-is-being-rewired.

478

Natasha Bright, “Do Cryptocurrencies Pose a Sanctions Risk?”, Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists, October 4, 2019, https://sanctionsassociation. org/do-cryptocurrencies-pose-a-sanctions-risk.

479

Tanvi Ratna, “Iran Has a Bitcoin Strategy to Beat Trump”, Foreign Policy, January 24, 2020, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/01/24/iran-bitcoin-strategy-cryptocurrency-blockchain-sanctions.

480

“Sanctions Compliance for Banks in the Age of Crypto-assets”, LexisNexis, June 5, 2020, https://blogs. lexisnexis. com/financial-crime-in-focus/sanctions-compliance-for-banks-in-the-age-of-crypto-assets.

481

Author’s calculations using Swift, CHIPS, and Fedwire data.

482

Монеро (англ. Monero, от эспер. Monero — «монета») — криптовалюта на основе протокола CryptoNote, ориентированная на повышенную конфиденциальность транзакций. Криптовалюта появилась 18 апреля

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