Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США - Агата Демаре

S. Senator Asks Treasury for Sanctions Briefing on Deripaska”, Bloomberg, December 23, 2020, https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2020–12–23/u-s-senator-asks-treasury-for-sanctions-briefing-on-deripaska.

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Andrew Harris, David Voreacos, and Stephanie Baker, “Deripaska Sues Over U. S. Sanctions, Claims $7.5 Billion Loss”, Bloomberg, March 15, 2019, https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2019–03–15/deripaska-sues-u-s-treasury-to-block-sanctions-against-him.

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Kevin Breuninger, “Putin Ally Oleg Deripaska Sues Treasury and Steven Mnuchin to Lift Sanctions, Claiming ‘Utter Devastation’ of His Wealth”, CNBC, March 15, 2019, https://www. cnbc. com/2019/03/15/putin-ally-deripaska-sues-treasury-to-block-sanctions-says-hes-lost-billions. html.

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Breuninger, “Putin Ally Oleg Deripaska Sues Treasury”.

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Sam Meredith and Natasha Turak, “Putin Ally Oleg Deripaska Denies Kremlin Encouraged His Lawsuit Against US Treasury Sanctions”, CNBC, March 18, 2019, https://www. cnbc. com/2019/03/18/putin-ally-deripaska-explains-why-hes-suing-us-treasury-department. html.

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Benjamin Quenelle, “Sanctions: le “roi de l’aluminium” russe accuse Washington”, Les Echos, February 14, 2020, https://www. lesechos. fr/finance-marches/marches-financiers/sanctions-loligarque-de-laluminium-accuse-washington‐1171891.

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“Real Time Net Worth, No. 1050, Oleg Deripaska”, Forbes, accessed April 17, 2022, https://www. forbes. com/profile/oleg-deripaska.

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Humeyra Pamuk and Timothy Gardner, “U. S. Lifts Iran Sanctions on One Unit of Chinese Shipping Giant COSCO”, Reuters, January 31, 2020, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-cosco/u-s-lifts-iran-sanctions-on-one-unit-of-chinese-shipping-giant-cosco-idUSKBN1ZU04I.

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Byron McKinney, “COSCO Shipping & OFAC Sanctions — The Nightmare in the Haystack”, IHS Markit, October 8, 2019, https://ihsmarkit. com/research-analysis/cosco-shipping-ofac-sanctions. html.

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Jonathan Saul and Chen Aizhu, “Unipec Replaces Ship Charters After U. S. Sanctions COSCO Tanker Units: Sources”, Reuters, September 26, 2019, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-china/unipec-replaces-ship-charters-after-u-s-sanctions-cosco-tanker-units-sources-idUSKBN1WB1XY.

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Greg Miller, “Sanctions Are Cleaving the Global Shipping Fleet in Two”, American Shipper, September 30, 2019, https://www. freightwaves. com/news/sanctions-are-cleaving-the-global-shipping-fleet-in-two.

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Saul and Aizhu, “Unipec Replaces Ship Charters”.

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Pamuk and Gardner, “U. S. Lifts Iran Sanctions”.

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Brian Scheid, “End of Cosco Sanctions Shows US Reluctance for Penalizing Key Oil Market Players: Analysts”, S&P Global Platts, February 3, 2020, https://www. spglobal. com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/020320-end-of-cosco-sanctions-shows-us-reluctance-for-penalizing-key-oil-market-players-analysts.

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“The Soviet Gas Pipeline in Perspective”, U. S. Central Intelligence Agency, September 21, 1982, https://www. cia. gov/library/readingroom/docs/19820921. pdf.

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“Caterpillar Gets Export License”, New York Times, December 10, 1981, https://www. nytimes. com/1981/12/10/business/caterpillar-gets-export-license. html.

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Lisa Martin, Coercive Cooperation, Explaining Multilateral Sanctions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), 208.

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Alan Riley, “Nord Stream 2: Understanding the Potential Consequences”, Atlantic Council, June 2018, https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Nord_Stream_2_interactive. pdf.

322

У нас он известен как газопровод Уренгой — Помары — Ужгород. (Прим. пер.)

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Patrick DeSouza, “The Soviet Gas Pipeline Incident: Extension of Collective Security Responsibilities to Peacetime Commercial Trade”, Yale University Law School, accessed July 28, 2020, http://digitalcommons. law. yale. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1317&context=yjil.

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“Bonn Needs the Business Even More than the Gas”, New York Times, August 16, 1981, https://www. nytimes. com/1981/08/16/weekinreview/bonn-needs-the-business-even-more-than-the-gas. html.

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John Tagliabue, “Europeans in Pact on Soviet Gas”, New York Times, September 30, 1981, https://www. nytimes. com/1981/09/30/business/europeans-in-pact-on-soviet-gas. html.

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Paul Lewis, “A Soviet Project Tempts Europe”, New York Times, May 30, 1982, https://timesmachine. nytimes. com/timesmachine/1982/05/30/173299. html?pageNumber=156.

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DeSouza, “The Soviet Gas Pipeline Incident”.

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John Hardt, “Energy Equipment Sales to U. S. S. R.”, Congressional Research Service, October 22, 1982, https://www. everycrsreport. com/files/19821022_IP0219S_d8bc44 c63e6d2816a3fc8cbe261e4338ac65de49. pdf.

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Richard Nephew, “Transatlantic Sanctions Policy: From the 1982 Soviet Gas Pipeline Episode to Today”, Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy, March 22, 2019, https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/report/transatlantic-sanctions-policy‐1982-soviet-gas-pipeline-episode-today.

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Обратная сила закона, или ретроактивность закона — действие закона или другой нормы права в отношении событий, которые имели место до вступления закона в силу в отступление от базовой юридической презумпции «закон обратной силы не имеет». (Прим. науч. ред.)

331

В оригинале автор использует слово «блок», как если бы речь шла о военно-политическом объединении. Европейский союз — международное образование, сочетающее признаки международной организации (межгосударственный характер) и государства (конфедерации), однако юридически не является ни тем ни другим. (Прим. науч. ред.)

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“Declaration of the Seven Heads of State and Government and Representatives of the European Communities”, G7 Summit, Versailles, June 6, 1982, http://www. g8. utoronto. ca/summit/1982versailles/communique. html.

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То есть на контракты, заключенные до введения санкций. (Прим. науч. ред.)

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Gary Perlow, “Taking Peacetime Trade Sanctions to the Limit: The Soviet Pipeline Embargo”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 15, no. 253 (1983), https://scholarlycommons. law. case. edu/jil/vol15/iss2/4.

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Nephew, “Transatlantic Sanctions Policy”.

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“European Council”, British Parliament Archives, accessed July 28, 2020, https://api. parliament. uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/jul/01/ european-council#S6CV0026P0_19820701_HOC_153.

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Perlow, “Taking Peacetime Trade Sanctions to the Limit”.

338

Rita Dallas, “Britain Orders Firms to Defy Pipeline Ban”, Washington Post, August 3, 1982.

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Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol and Angela Romano, “The Iran Nuclear Deal Crisis: Lessons from the 1982 Transatlantic Dispute over the Siberian Gas Pipeline”, Bruegel, May 2018, https://www. bruegel. org/2018/05/the-iran-nuclear-deal-crisis-lessons-from-the‐1982-transatlantic-dispute-over-the-siberian-gas-pipeline.

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Oliver Dziggel, “The Reagan Pipeline Sanctions: Implications for U. S. Domestic Policy and the Future of International Law”, Towson University Journal of International Affairs L, no. 1 (2016), https://cpb-us-w2. wpmucdn. com/wp. towson. edu/dist/b/55/files/2017/11/REAGAN-PIPELINE-SANCTIONS‐19q4sd1. pdf.

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Bernard Gwertzman, “Lifting of U. S. Sanctions”, New York Times, November 15, 1982, https://www. nytimes. com/1982/11/15/world/lifting-of-us-sanctions-news-analysis. html.

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Antony Blinken, Ally Versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis (Westport, CT: