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Atlantic Council. October 22, 2020. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/ukrainealert/us-expands-sanctions-against-putins-pipeline.

Fried, Daniel, and Brian O’Toole. “The New Russia Sanctions Law, What It Does and How to Make It Work”. Atlantic Council. September 29, 2017. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/The_New_Russia_Sanctions_Law_web_0929. pdf.

Fried, Daniel, Richard Morningstar, and Daniel Stein. “Reconciling Transatlantic Differences over Nord Stream 2”. Atlantic Council. February 2, 2021. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/energysource/reconciling-transatlantic-differences-over-nord-stream‐2.

Friedman, Lisa, and David McCabe. “Interior Dept. Grounds Its Drones over Chinese Spying Fears”. New York Times, January 29, 2020. https://www. nytimes. com/2020/01/29/technology/interior-chinese-drones. html.

Friedman, Thomas. “Biden Made Sure ‘Trump Is Not Going to Be President for Four More Years.’ ” New York Times, December 2, 2020. https://www. nytimes. com/2020/12/02/opinion/biden-interview-mcconnell-china-iran. html.

Funabashi, Yoichi. “The Mideast Has Oil, China Has Rare Earths”. Japan Times, August 9, 2019. https://www. japantimes. co. jp/opinion/2019/08/09/commentary/japan-commentary/mideast-oil-china-rare-earths.

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Gady, Franz-Stefan. “India Makes $800 Million Advance Payment for Russian S‐400 Air Defense Systems”. Diplomat, November 2019. https://thediplomat. com/2019/11/india-makes‐800-million-advance-payment-for-russian-s‐400-air-defense-systems.

Galbert, Simond de. “Transatlantic Economic Statecraft”. Center for a New American Security. June 21, 2016. https://www. cnas. org/publications/reports/transatlantic-economic-statecraft-the-challenge-to-building-a-balanced-transatlantic-sanctions-policy-between-the-united-states-and-the-european-union.

Gambrell, Jon. “Iran Leader Refuses US Help, Citing Virus Conspiracy Theory”. Associated Press, March 22, 2020. https://apnews. com/2cffa4c49cbf085562a71cd36a4e4378.

Gao, Ping. “WAPI: A Chinese Attempt to Establish Wireless Standards and the International Coalition That Resisted”. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 23 (2018). https://doi. org/10.17705/1CAIS.02308.

Gaylord, Mark. “The Banco Delta Asia Affair: The USA PATRIOT Act and Allegations of Money Laundering in Macau”. Crime Law and Social Change 50 (2008): 293–305. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10611–008–9127–3.

Geranmayeh, Ellie. “Reviving the Revolutionaries: Trump’s Maximum Pressure Is Shifting Iran’s Domestic Politics”. European Council on Foreign Relations. June 2020. https://www. ecfr. eu/page/-/reviving_the_revolutionaries_how_trumps_maximum_pressure_is_shifting_irans. pdf.

Geranmayeh, Ellie, and Manuel Lafont Rapnouil. “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”. European Council on Foreign Relations. June 2019. https://www. ecfr. eu/page/-/4_Meeting_the_challenge_of_secondary_sanctions. pdf.

Gianella, Christian, Magali Cesana, Audrey Cezard-Assouad, et al. “Economic Sanctions: What Have We Learned from the Recent and Not so Recent Past?” Tresor-Economics, no. 150 (2015). https://www. tresor. economie. gouv. fr/Articles/2015/07/29/tresor-economics-no‐150-economic-sanctions-what-have-we-learned-from-the-recent-and-not-so-recent-past.

Gibney, James. “Trump’s Sanctions Are Losing Their Bite”. Bloomberg, April 2, 2020. https://www. bloomberg. com/opinion/articles/2020–04–02/trump-s-overuse-of-sanctions-is-weakening-their-effectiveness.

Giugliano, Ferdinando. “Europe Is Planning Its Very Own E-Currency”. Bloomberg, November 16, 2020. https://www. bloomberg. com/opinion/articles/2020–11–16/christine-lagarde-s-ecb-is-planning-its-very-own-e-currency.

Gkritsi, Eliza. “A Chinese Firm Made a Memory Chip That Can Compete with Samsung. What’s Next?” Technode. com. April 23, 2020. https://technode. com/2020/04/23/ymtc-memory-chip.

Gladstone, Rick. “U. S. Says Greek Executive Evaded Sanctions on Iran”. New York Times, March 14, 2013. https://www. nytimes. com/2013/03/15/world/middleeast/us-says-a-greek-helped-iran-evade-sanctions. html.

Gopalakrishnan, Raju, and Manuel Mogato. “Bangladesh Bank Official’s Computer Was Hacked to Carry Out $81 Million Heist: Diplomat”. Reuters, May 19, 2016. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-cyber-heist-philippines-idUSKCN0YA0CH.

Gordon, Joy. Invisible War: The United States and the Iraq Sanctions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

Gordon, Meghan. “US Steps Up Sanctions Pressure on Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline Contractors”. SP Global Platts. October 20, 2020. https://www. spglobal. com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/102020-us-steps-up-sanctions-pressure-on-nord-stream‐2-gas-pipeline-contractors.

Gould-Davies, Nigel. “Russia, the West and Sanctions”. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 62 (February — March 2020): 7–28. https://doi. org/10.1080/00396338.2020.1715060.

Grabar, Maria. “Russian Pipe-Laying Vessel Moors at Nord Stream 2 Hub in Germany: Data”. Reuters, May 18, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-germany-gas-nord-stream‐2/russian-pipe-laying-vessel-moors-at-nord-stream‐2-hub-in-germany-data-idUSKBN22U1TZ.

Grabar, Maria. “Russia’s Rotenberg Denies Buying Gazprom Stake”. Reuters, August 7, 2019. https://uk. reuters. com/article/us-russia-gazprom-rotenberg/russias-rotenberg-denies-buying-gazprom-stake-idUKKCN1UX1VP.

Greenwald, Michael. “The Future of the Dollar in a Post-Iran Deal World”. Atlantic Council. October 29, 2018. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-future-of-the-dollar-in-a-post-iran-deal-world.

Grigas, Agnia, and Lukas Trakimavičius. “Nord Stream 2 Is a Bad Deal for Europe”. Atlantic Council. July 10, 2018. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/new-atlanticist/nord-stream‐2-is-a-bad-deal-for-europe.

Guardian. “Sixty Years of US Aid to Pakistan”. July 11, 2011. https://www. theguardian. com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jul/11/us-aid-to-pakistan.

Gwertzman, Bernard. “Lifting of U. S. Sanctions”. New York Times, November 15, 1982. https://www. nytimes. com/1982/11/15/world/lifting-of-us-sanctions-news-analysis. html.

Gwertzman, Bernard. “Reagan Lifts Sanctions on Sales for Soviet Pipeline; Reports Accord with Allies”. New York Times, November 14, 1982. https://www. nytimes. com/1982/11/14/world/reagan-lifts-sanctions-on-sales-for-soviet-pipeline-reports-accord-with-allies. html.

Haass, Richard. “Economic Sanctions: Too Much of a Bad Thing”. Brookings. June 1, 1998. https://www. brookings. edu/research/economic-sanctions-too-much-of-a-bad-thing.

Hackenbroich, Jonathan. “Defending Europe’s Economic Sovereignty: New Ways to Resist Economic Coercion”. European Council on Foreign Relations. October 20, 2020. https://ecfr. eu/publication/defending_europe_economic_sovereignty_new_ways_to_resist_economic_coercion.

Harada, Issaku. “China Aims to Launch Digital Yuan by 2022 Winter Olympics”. Nikkei Asia, May 27, 2020. https://asia. nikkei. com/Spotlight/Cryptocurrencies/China-aims-to-launch-digital-yuan-by‐2022-Winter-Olympics.

Hardt, John. “Energy Equipment Sales to U. S. S. R”. Congressional Research Service. October 22, 1982. https://www. everycrsreport. com/files/19821022_IP0219S_d8bc44c63e6d2816a3fc8 cbe261e4338ac65de49. pdf.

Harrell, Peter. “Cuba: U. S. Sanctions Policy After the Embargo”. Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy. November 2016. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/Cuba%3A%20US%20Sanctions%20Policy%20After%20the%20Embargo. pdf.

Harrell, Peter. “Export Controls Are Bigger and Broader. But Are We Safer?” Center for a New American Security. August 13, 2020. https://www. cnas. org/publications/commentary/export-controls-are-bigger-and-broader-but-are-we-safer.

Harrell, Peter. “Is the U. S. Using Sanctions Too Aggressively? The Steps Washington Can Take to Guard Against Overuse”. Foreign Affairs, September 11, 2018. https://www. foreignaffairs. com/articles/2018–09–11/us-using-sanctions-too-aggressively.

Harrell, Peter, and Elizabeth Rosenberg. “Economic Dominance, Financial Technology, and the Future of U. S. Economic Coercion”. Center for a New American Security. April 29, 2019. https://www. cnas. org/publications/reports/economic-dominance-financial-technology-and-the-future-of-u-s-economic-coercion.

Harris, Andrew, David Voreacos, and Stephanie Baker. “Deripaska Sues Over U. S. Sanctions, Claims $7.5 Billion Loss”. Bloomberg, March 15, 2019. https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2019–03–15/deripaska-sues-u-s-treasury-to-block-sanctions-against-him.

Helms, Jesse. “What Sanctions Epidemic? U. S. Business’ Curious Crusade”. Foreign Affairs, January/February 1999. https://www. foreignaffairs. com/articles/1999–01–01/what-sanctions-epidemic-us-business-curious-crusade.

Helwig, Niklas, and Juha Jokela. “Future Prospects: Adapting to the Geo-economic Environment”. In Sharpening EU Sanctions Policy for a Geopolitical Era, ed. Niklas Helwig, Juha Jokela, and Clara Portela. Helsinki: Publications of the Government’s Analysis, Assessment and Research Activities, 2020. https://www. fiia. fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/vnteas_report_sharpening-eu-sanctions-policy-for-a-geopolitical-era. pdf.

Herb, Jeremy, and Ted Barrett. “Senate Democrats’ Effort to Block Trump Move on Russia Sanctions Fails”. CNN, January 16, 2019. https://edition. cnn. com/2019/01/16/politics/senate-democrats-sanctions-russia/index. html.

Hernandez, Igor, and Francisco Monaldi. “Weathering Collapse: An Assessment of the Financial and Operational Situation of the Venezuelan Oil Industry”. Center for International Development at Harvard University. November 2016. https://growthlab. cid. harvard. edu/files/growthlab/files/venezuela_oil_cidwp_327. pdf.

Hille, Kathrin. “The Great Uncoupling: One Supply Chain for China, One for Everywhere Else”. Financial Times, October 6, 2020. https://www. ft. com/content/40ebd786-a576–4dc2-ad38-b97f796b72a0.

Hille, Kathrin, Edward White, and Kana Inagaki. “US Allows Sales of Chips to Huawei’s Non‐5G

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