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Blake, Aaron. “Trump Echoes Putin on Venezuela — and Contradicts His Own Secretary of State”. Washington Post, May 3, 2019. https://www. washingtonpost. com/politics/2019/05/03/trump-echoes-putin-venezuela-contradicts-his-own-secretary-state.

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Bowley, Graham. “Senate Report: Opaque Art Market Helped Oligarchs Evade Sanctions”. New York Times, July 29, 2020. https://www. nytimes. com/2020/07/29/arts/design/senate-report-art-market-russia-oligarchs-sanctions. html.

Bown, Chad. “Export Controls: America’s Other National Security Threat”. Peterson Institute for International Economics. May 2020. https://www. piie. com/system/files/documents/wp20–8. pdf.

Bown, Chad. “How Trump’s Export Curbs on Semiconductors and Equipment Hurt the US Technology Sector”. Peterson Institute for International Economics. September 28, 2020. https://www. piie. com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/how-trumps-export-curbs-semiconductors-and-equipment-hurt-us.

Bown, Chad. “Russia’s War on Ukraine: A Sanctions Timeline”. Peterson Institute for International Economics. March 14, 2022, updated May 10, 2022. https://www. piie. com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/russias-war-ukraine-sanctions-timeline.

Bown, Chad. “The US Is Trying to Use Export Controls to Restrict Huawei’s Access to Semiconductors”. Peterson Institute for International Economics. October 13, 2020. https://www. piie. com/research/piie-charts/us-trying-use-export-controls-restrict-huaweis-access-semiconductors.

BP. “Statistical Review of World Energy 2019”. Accessed May 8, 2020. https://www. bp. com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review‐2019-full-report. pdf.

Brett, Jason. “Trend Continues for Countries Looking to Evade U. S. Sanctions Using Crypto”. Forbes, January 29, 2020. https://www. forbes. com/sites/jasonbrett/2020/01/29/trend-continues-for-countries-looking-to-evade-us-sanctions-using-crypto.

Breuninger, Kevin. “Putin Ally Oleg Deripaska Sues Treasury and Steven Mnuchin to Lift Sanctions, Claiming ‘Utter Devastation’ of His Wealth”. CNBC, March 15, 2019. https://www. cnbc. com/2019/03/15/putin-ally-deripaska-sues-treasury-to-block-sanctions-says-hes-lost-billions. html.

Bright, Natasha. “Do Cryptocurrencies Pose a Sanctions Risk?” Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists. October 4, 2019. https://sanctionsassociation. org/do-cryptocurrencies-pose-a-sanctions-risk.

Bright, Natasha. “Sanctioned Nations Explore Bypassing Swift”. Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists. February 6, 2020. https://sanctionsassociation. org/sanctioned-nations-explore-bypassing-swift.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Napoleonic Wars”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www. britannica. com/event/Napoleonic-Wars.

British Parliament Archives. “European Council”. Accessed July 28, 2020. https://api. parliament. uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/jul/01/european-council#S6CV0026P0_19820701_HOC_153.

Brunnstrom, David. “Tillerson: Evidence Sanctions ‘Really Starting to Hurt’ North Korea”. Reuters, January 17, 2018. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-tillerson/tillerson-evidence-sanctions-really-starting-to-hurt-north-korea-idUSKBN1F62UV.

Brunsden, Jim, Sam Fleming, and Philip Stafford. “EU Sets Out Plans to Curb Reliance on Dollar in Post-Trump Era”. Financial Times, January 16, 2021. https://www. ft. com/content/20f39e33-e360–479e‐82e2–5441d24f0e0b.

Burton, Melanie. “Rio Tinto Stands to Win from Rusal Sanctions; U. S. Consumers to Lose”. Reuters, April 9, 2018, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-rusal-sanctions-aluminium/rio-tinto-stands-to-win-from-rusal-sanctions-u-s-consumers-to-lose-idUSKBN1HG1NL.

Burton, Melanie, Yuka Obayashi, and Aaron Sheldrick. “How Rare Earth Shocks Lifted an Upstart Australian Mining Company”. Reuters, December 17, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-rareearths-lynas-focus-idUSKBN1YL0R0.

Butler, Declan. “How US Sanctions Are Crippling Science in Iran”. Nature 574 (October 2019): 13–14, https://media. nature. com/original/magazine-assets/d41586–019–02795-y/d41586–019–02795-y. pdf.

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Campanella, Miriam. “Far-reaching Consequences of U. S. Financial Sanctions”. Robert Triffin International. June 2019. http://triffininternational. eu/publications/articles-papers/1285-far-reaching-consequences-of-u-s-financial-sanctions-the-dollar-shortage-and-the-triffin-moment.

Caryl, Christian. “Why Treasury’s ‘Oligarch List’ Is Driving Russian Tycoons Crazy”. Forbes, January 30, 2018. https://www. washingtonpost. com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/01/30/why-the-treasurys-oligarch-list-is-driving-russian-tycoons-crazy.

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Center for Strategic and International Studies. “Notes from a CSIS Virtual Event: American Leadership in Semiconductor Manufacturing”. October 13, 2020. https://csis-website-prod. s3. amazonaws. com/s3fs-ublic/event/201014_Leadership_Semiconductor_Manufacturing. pdf.

Center for Strategic and International Studies. “Notes from a CSIS Virtual Event: Strategic Competition and the U. S. Semiconductor Industry”. July 23, 2020. https://csis-website-prod. s3. amazonaws. com/s3fs-public/event/200724_Semiconductor_Industry. pdf.

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Chabrol, Denis. “Oldendorff Closing Bauxite Transshipment Operations in Guyana Due to US Sanctions Against RUSAL”. Demerara Waves. April 19, 2018. https://demerarawaves. com/2018/04/19/oldendorff-closing-bauxite-transshipment-operations-in-guyana-due-to-us-sanctions-against-rusal.

Chan, Veta. “ ‘An Absolute Necessity’: Why This Expert Says China Desperately Needs a Digital Currency”. Fortune, July 30, 2020. https://fortune. com/2020/07/30/china-digital-currency-renminnbi-cbdc.

Chatterjee, Saikat. “Exclusive — China’s Payments System Scaled Back; Trade Deals Only: Sources”. Reuters, July 13, 2015. https://uk. reuters. com/article/uk-china-yuan-payments/exclusive-chinas-payments-system-scaled-back-trade-deals-only-sources-idUKKCN‐0PN0P020150713.

Chen, Qian. “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of a Chinese State-Backed Digital Currency”. CNBC, November 22, 2019. https://www. cnbc. com/2019/11/22/chinese-crypto-beijing-sees-opportunity-but-concerns-linger. html.

Cheng, Evelyn. “China’s Digital Yuan Notches $8.3 Billion in Transactions in 6 Months, Taking a Tiny Share of Payments”. CNBC, January 18, 2022.

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