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in Russia, Advice from Iran Help Venezuela Skirt Sanctions”. Reuters, November 10, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/venezuela-oil-exports-special-report/special-report-phantom-buyers-in-russia-advice-from-iran-help-venezuela-skirt-sanctions-idUSKBN27Q2CB.

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Ratna, Tanvi. “Iran Has a Bitcoin Strategy to Beat Trump”. Foreign Policy, January 24, 2020. https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/01/24/iran-bitcoin-strategy-cryptocurrency-blockchain-sanctions.

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Reed, Stanley, and Lara Jakes. “A Russian Gas Pipeline Increases Tension Between the U. S. and Europe”. New York Times, July 24, 2020. https://www. nytimes. com/2020/07/24/business/nord-stream-pipeline-russia. html.

Rees, Kit, and Viktoria Dendrinou. “EU Sets Out Plans to Limit U. S. Dollar Reliance, Boost Euro”. Bloomberg, January 16, 2021. https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2021–01–16/eu-draft-sets-out-plans-to-limit-u-s-dollar-reliance-ft.

Rennack, Dianne. “North Korea: Economic Sanctions”. Congressional Research Service. October 17, 2006. https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/RL31696. pdf.

Reuters. “Austria Charges Bank After Cuban Accounts Cancelled”. April 27, 2007. https://www. reuters. com/article/austria-bawag/austria-charges-bank-after-cuban-accounts-cancelled-idUSL2711446820070427.

Reuters. “BAWAG Restores Cuban Accounts After Public Uproar”. May 4, 2007. https://www. reuters. com/article/austria-bawag-cuba-idUSL0450488520070504.

Reuters. “Bitcoin at ‘Tipping Point,’ Citi Says as Price Surges”. March 1, 2021. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-crypto-currency-bitcoin-citi-idUSKCN2AT23H.

Reuters. “China Needs First Mover Advantage in Digital Currency Race: PBOC Magazine”. September 21, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/china-pboc-renminnbi-digital/refile-china-needs-first-mover-advantage-in-digital-currency-race-pboc-magazine-idUSL3N2GI11F.

Reuters. “Explainer: U. S. Dependence on China’s Rare Earth — Trade War Vulnerability”. June 3, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-usa-trade-china-rareearth-explainer/explainer-u-s-dependence-on-chinas-rare-earth-trade-war-vulnerability-idUSKCN1T42RP.

Reuters. “FACTBOX–China’s Onshore Yuan Clearing and Settlement System CIPS”. July 30, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/china-banks-clearing-idUSL3N2F115E.

Reuters. “Factbox: Oil, Loans, Military — Russia’s Exposure to Venezuela”. January 24, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-politics-russia-factbox/factbox-oil-loans-military-russias-exposure-to-venezuela-idUSKCN1PI1T4.

Reuters. “Factbox: What Is China’s Onshore Yuan Clearing and Settlement System CIPS?” February 28, 2022. https://www. reuters. com/markets/europe/what-is-chinas-onshore-yuan-clearing-settlement-system-cips‐2022–02–28.

Reuters. “Iran Says China’s CNPC Replacing France’s Total in Gas Project”. November 25, 2018. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-oil-iran-cnpc/iran-says-chinas-cnpc-replacing-frances-total-in-gas-project-idUSKCN1NU0FP.

Reuters. “Putin Says Nord Stream 2 Link Ready to Calm Gas Prices”. December 29, 2021. https://www. reuters. com/markets/commodities/putin-declares-nord-stream‐2-ready-gas-exports‐2021–12–29.

Reuters. “Russia’s Gazprom Expects Nord Stream 2 Launch in 2021: RIA”. February 11, 2021. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-gazprom-nordstream2/russias-gazprom-expects-nord-stream‐2-launch-in‐2021-ria-idUSKBN2AB1JL.

Reuters. “Russia Says ‘Nothing Catastrophic’ About U. S. Sanctions on Nord Stream 2”. December 23, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-usa-russia-nord-stream-medvedev/russia-says-nothing-catastrophic-about-u-s-sanctions-on-nord-stream‐2-idUSKBN1YR1Q8.

Reuters. “U. S. Judge Rules PDVSA’s 2020 Bonds Are Valid, Citgo Still Protected”. October 16, 2020. https://uk. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-debt/u-s-judge-rules-pdvsas‐2020-bonds-are-valid-citgo-still-protected-idUKKBN2712DG.

Reuters. “U. S. Trade Embargo Has Cost Cuba $130 Billion, U. N. Says”. May 9, 2018. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-cuba-economy-un-idUSKBN1IA00T.

Ribando Seelke, Clare. “Venezuela: Overview of U. S. Sanctions”. Congressional Research Service. Accessed April 23, 2020. https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/IF10715. pdf.

Rieff, David. “Were Sanctions Right?” New York Times, July 27, 2003. https://www. nytimes. com/2003/07/27/magazine/were-sanctions-right. html.

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Robert, Virginie. “Pierre Vimont: ‘Il faut que l’Europe soit capable de montrer qu’on peut mordre face aux sanctions extraterritoriales.’ ” Les Echos, March 22, 2021. https://www. lesechos. fr/monde/enjeux-internationaux/pierre-vimont-il-faut-que-leurope-soit-capable-de-montrer-quon-peut-mordre-face-aux-sanctions-extraterritoriales‐1300265.

Rodriguez, Francisco. “Why More Sanctions Won’t Help Venezuela”. Foreign Policy, January 12, 2018. https://foreignpolicy. com/2018/01/12/why-more-sanctions-wont-help-venezuela.

Rosenberg, Elizabeth, and Neil Bhatiya. “Busting North Korea’s Sanctions Evasion”. Center for a New American Security. March 4, 2020. https://www. cnas. org/publications/commentary/busting-north-koreas-sanctions-evasion.

Rosenberg, Elizabeth, Peter Harrell, and Ashley Feng. “A New Arsenal for Competition, Coercive Economic Measures in the U. S.-China Relationship”. Center for a New American Security. April 24, 2020. https://www. cnas. org/publications/reports/a-new-arsenal-for-competition.

Roth, Andrew, and Carol Morello. “Kremlin Reacts with Anger and Ridicule to Treasury List of Influential Russians”. Washington Post, January 30, 2018. https://www. washingtonpost. com/world/kremlin-reacts-with-anger-and-ridicule-to-treasury-list-of-influential-russians/2018/01/30/f5405586–05c7–11e8–8777–2a059f168dd2_story. html.

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Rubenfeld, Samuel. “U. S. Sanctions Listing Could Hurt Humanitarian Trade with Iran”. Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2018. https://www. wsj. com/articles/u-s-sanctions-listing-could-hurt-humanitarian-trade-with-iran‐1539941400.

Ruehl, Mercedes, and James Kynge. “The US’s Big Plan to Cut Supply Chain Reliance on China”. Financial Times, February 24, 2021. https://www. ft. com/content/6bc86e88–81d6–4f3b‐8e30–337ca640c760.

Sadjapour, Karim. “How to Win the Cold War with Iran”. Atlantic, March 25,

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