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Chain”. Atlantic Council. May 18, 2018. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/econographics/us-sanctions-global-impact.

Mordant, Nicole. “Rio Tinto Reviewing Rusal Ties, Mum on Queensland Venture”. Reuters, April 10, 2018. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-rio-tinto-rusal/rio-tinto-reviewing-rusal-ties-mum-on-queensland-venture-idUSKBN1HH2C7.

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Morris, Frank. “Farmers Swept Up in Trade Wars Remember ’80s Grain Embargo”. National Public Radio, August 16, 2018. https://www. npr. org/2018/08/16/639149657/farmers-caught-up-in-u-s-trade-war-s-remember‐80-s-grain-embargo.

Mossberg, Hilary. “Beyond Carrots, Better Sticks”. The Sentry. October 2019. https://cdn. thesentry. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SanctionsEffectiveness_TheSentry_Oct2019-web. pdf.

Motamedi, Maziar. “Parsian Bank CEO: US Treasury Made ‘Mistake’ in Iran Sanctions Designation”. Bourse and Bazaar. October 21, 2018. https://www. bourseandbazaar. com/articles/2018/10/21/parsian-bank-ceo-us-treasury-made-mistake-in-iran-sanctions-designation.

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Mustian, Jim. “Report: Oligarchs Skirt US Sanctions Through Shady Art Sales,” Associated Press, July 29, 2020. https://apnews. com/85e77f9b520cefc1f536bc417d9099cc.

Nakashima, Ellen. “U. S. Accuses Three North Koreans of Conspiring to Steal More than $1.3 Billion in Cash and Cryptocurrency”. Washington Post, February 18, 2021. https://www. washingtonpost. com/national-security/north-korea-hackers-banks-theft/2021/02/17/3dccf0dc‐7129–11eb‐93be-c10813e358a2_story. html.

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Nephew, Richard. “China and Economic Sanctions: Where Does Washington Have Leverage?” Brookings. September 2019. https://www. brookings. edu/research/china-and-economic-sanctions-where-does-washington-have-leverage.

Nephew, Richard. “Collateral Damage: The Impact on Pakistan from U. S. Sanctions Against Iran”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. August 2017. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/CGEPSanctionsandtheRisk%20ofCollateralDamage TheImpactofUSIranSanctionsonPakistan0717. pdf.

Nephew, Richard. “Decertification of the JCPOA and the Risk of European Union ‘Blocking Regulation.’ ” Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. October 31, 2017. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/commentary/decertification-jcpoa-and-risk-european-union-blocking-regulations.

Nephew, Richard. “Evaluating the Trump’s Administration’s Approach to Sanctions, Case: Iran”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. November 8, 2019. https://www. energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/commentary/evaluating-trump-administration-s-approach-sanctions-iran.

Nephew, Richard. “Evaluating the Trump Administration’s Approach to Sanctions, Case: Venezuela”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. June 17, 2020. https://energy policy. columbia. edu/research/commentary/evaluating-trump-administration-s-approach-sanctions-venezuela.

Nephew, Richard. “Issue Brief: The Future of Economic Sanctions in a Global Economy”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. May 21, 2015. https://www. energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/report/future-economic-sanctions-global-economy.

Nephew, Richard. “Libya: Sanctions Removal Done Right? A Review of the Libyan Sanctions Experience”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. March 2018. https://energy policy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/pictures/Libya%20Sanctions%20Removal_CGEP_Report_031918. pdf.

Nephew, Richard. “Reconsidering US Sanctions Policy Amid the Coronavirus Crisis and the Oil Market Crash”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. March 2020. https://energy policy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/file-uploads/Sanctions_CGEP_Commentary_033120–2. pdf.

Nephew, Richard. The Art of Sanctions, a View from the Field. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.

Nephew, Richard. “The Humanitarian Impact of Sanctions”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. April 29, 2015. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/sanctions-blog-columbia-s-center-global-energy-policy-post-six.

Nephew, Richard. “The Impact of Covid‐19 on Global Supply Chains and Sanctions”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. May 2020. https://www. energypolicy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/file-uploads/SupplyChains+Sanctions_CGEP_Commentary_050720–2. pdf.

Nephew, Richard. “Transatlantic Sanctions Policy: From the 1982 Soviet Gas Pipeline Episode to Today”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. March 22, 2019. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/report/transatlantic-sanctions-policy‐1982-soviet-gas-pipeline-episode-today.

Nephew, Richard. “Understanding and Assessing the New US Sanctions Legislation Against Russia”. Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. February 15, 2019. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/commentary/understanding-and-assessing-new-us-sanctions-legislation-against-russia.

Nephew, Richard. “U. S. Sanctions Relief: Good for Russian Companies but Bad for Policy?” Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. January 11, 2019. https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/commentary/us-sanctions-relief-good-russian-companies-bad-policy.

Nephew, Richard, and Colin Rowat. “ExxonMobil Just Challenged Trump to Get Serious with Russia Policy”. Fortune, April 30, 2017. https://fortune. com/2017/04/30/sanctions-waivers-donald-trump-russia-exxonmobil.

New York Times. “Bombings in Beirut”. October 25, 1983. https://www. nytimes. com/1983/10/25/nyregion/tuesday-october‐25–1983-bombings-in-beirut. html.

New York Times. “Bonn Needs the Business Even More than the Gas”. August 16, 1981. https://www. nytimes. com/1981/08/16/weekinreview/bonn-needs-the-business-even-more-than-the-gas. html.

New York Times. “Caterpillar Gets Export License”. December 10, 1981. https://www. nytimes. com/1981/12/10/business/caterpillar-gets-export-license. html.

Nord Stream 2. “Background Story: Pipeline Construction — Nord Stream 2”. Accessed February 7, 2021. https://www. nord-stream2. com/media/documents/pdf/en/2018/10/background-story-pipeline-construction-en. pdf.

Nossal, Kim. “Liberal-Democratic Regimes, International Sanctions, and Global Governance”. In Globalization and Global Governance, ed. Raimo Vayrynen, 127–49. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 1999.

O’Dwyer, Peter. “State Vows to Fight for Alumina Plant”. Sunday Times (London, UK), January 29, 2019. https://www. thetimes. co. uk/article/state-vows-to-fight-for-alumina-plant-qzv89rf6g.

O’Halloran, Barry. “Deal to Lift Sanctions Against Aughinish Alumina Refinery at Shannon in the Balance”. Irish Times, November 12, 2018. https://www. irishtimes. com/business/manufacturing/deal-to-lift-sanctions-against-aughinish-alumina-refinery-at-shannon-in-the-balance‐1.3694140.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Measuring Distortions in International Markets: The Semiconductor Value Chain”. December 12, 2019. https://doi. org/10.1787/8fe4491d-en.

Ostroukh, Andrey. “Russia Says BRICS Nations Favour Idea of Common Payment System”. Reuters, November 14, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/uk-brics-summit-russia-fx/russia-says-brics-nations-favour-idea-of-common-payment-system-idUSKBN1XO1KQ.

Ostroukh, Andrey, and Elena Fabrichnaya. “Russia Backs Global Use of Its Alternative SWIFT System”. Reuters, March 19, 2019. https://uk. reuters. com/article/russia-banks-swift/russia-backs-global-use-of-its-alternative-swift-system-idUKL8N2163BU.

Oswald, Rachel. “Calls Grow for Trump to Relax Humanitarian Sanctions on Iran”. CQ Roll Call, April 9, 2020. https://www. rollcall. com/2020/04/09/calls-grow-for-trump-to-relax-humanitarian-sanctions-on-iran.

O’Toole, Brian, and Daniel Fried. “US Opens Door to Nord Stream II Sanctions and Transatlantic Tensions”. Atlantic Council. July 15, 2020. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/new-atlanticist/us-opens-door-to-nord-stream-ii-sanctions-and-transatlantic-tensions.

O’Toole, Brian, and Samantha Sultoon. “Memo to Congress: Treasury’s Plan to Lift Sanctions on Russian Oligarch’s Companies Is a Good One”. Atlantic Council. January 11, 2019. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/new-atlanticist/memo-to-congress-treasury-s-plan-to-lift-sanctions-on-russian-oligarch-s-companies-is-a-good-one.

Oxford Analytica. “Western Use of Targeted Sanctions Is Intensifying”. March 30, 2021. https://dailybrief. oxan. com/Analysis/GA260544/Western-use-of-targeted-sanctions-is-intensifying.

Pallardy, Diane. “US Threatens Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipe Investors with Sanctions”. Independent Commodity Intelligence Services. July 16, 2020. https://www. icis. com/explore/resources/news/2020/07/16/10530894/us-threatens-nord-stream‐2-gas-pipe-investors-with-sanctions.

Pamuk, Humeyra, and Timothy Gardner. “U. S. Lifts Iran Sanctions on One Unit of Chinese Shipping Giant COSCO”. Reuters, January 31, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-cosco/u-s-lifts-iran-sanctions-on-one-unit-of-chinese-shipping-giant-cosco-idUSKBN1ZU04I.

Pan, David. “Goldman Sachs Expects Digital Yuan to Reach 1B Users Within 10 Years”. Coindesk. November 19, 2020. https://www. coindesk. com/goldman-sachs-digital-yuan-report.

Pan, David. “How Ant’s Suspended IPO Is Related to China’s Digital Yuan”. Coindesk. November 12, 2020. https://www. coindesk. com/how-ants-suspended-ipo-is-related-to-chinas-digital-yuan.

Parker, Dominic, Jeremy Foltz, and David Elsea. “Unintended Consequences of Sanctions for Human Rights. Conflict Minerals and Infant Mortality”. Journal of Law and Economics 59, no. 4 (November 2016): 731–774, https://doi. org/10.1086/691793.

Parraga, Marianna. “Exclusive: As Citgo Profit Rises, Pressure to Restore Dividend Grows— Sources”. Reuters, December 4, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-citgo-dividends-exclusive/exclusive-as-citgo-profit-rises-pressure-to-restore-dividend-grows-sources-idUSKBN1Y82SQ.

Parraga, Marianna, Rinat Sagdiev, and Parisa Hafezi. “Special Report: Phantom Oil Buyers

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