Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

in the South 1753–1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 147.

23 Mark Schmitz, Economic Analysis of Antebellum Sugar Plantations in Louisiana (New York: Arno Press, 1977), 39.

24 J.Carlyle Sitterson, «Financing and Marketing the Sugar Crop of the Old South,» Journal of Southern History 10, no. 2 (1944): 189; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 200–202; Richard J.Follett, The Sugar Masters: Planters and Slaves in Louisiana’s Cane World, 1820–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 35.

25 Daniel Rood, The Reinvention of the Atlantic Slavery: Technology, Labor, Race, and Capitalism in the Greater Caribbean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 36; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 148–150; Schmitz, Economic Analysis, 35, 39–40; Follett, The Sugar Masters, 34, 36; Judah Grinberg, Norbert Rillieux and a Revolution in Sugar Processing (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002).

26 Ortega, «Machines, Modernity,» 19–21; Дирр представляет историю немного иначе, см.: Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 2 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1950), 569.

27 Albert Schrauwers, «‘Regenten’ (Gentlemanly) Capitalism: Saint-Simonian Technocracy and the Emergence of the ‘Industrialist Great Club’ in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Netherlands,» Enterprise & Society II, no. 4 (2010): 766; Knight, Sugar, Steam, 63–91.

28 Dale Tomich, «Small Islands and Huge Comparisons: Caribbean Plantations, Historical Unevenness, and Capitalist Modernity,» Social Science History 18, no. 3 (1994): 349.

29 Слова Виктора-Мориса де Брольи цитируются в источнике: Victor Schoelcher, Histoire de l’esclavage pendent les deux dernieres années, vol. 2 (Paris: Pagnerre, 1847), 399.

30 Victor Schoelcher, Des colonies françaises: Abolition immédiate de l’esclavage (Paris: Pagnerre, 1842), xxiii.n.2.

31 Paul Daubrée, Question coloniale sous le rapport industriel (Paris: Impr. de Malteste, 1841), 8, 55–56.

32 A.Chazelles, Émancipation – Transformation: Le système anglais – le système français: Mémoire adressé à la Chambre des Députés à l’occasion du projet de loi concernant le régime des enclaves dans les colonies françaises (Paris: Imprimerie de Guiraudet et Jouaust, 1845), 18.

33 Chazelles, Emancipation – Transformation, 47.

34 Chazelles, Emancipation – Transformation, 56.

35 Jean-Louis Thomas, Jean-François Cail, 192–193, 195; Christian Schnakenbourg, «La création des usines en Guadeloupe (1843–1844),» Bulletin de la Societé d’Histoire de la Guadeloupe, no. 141 (2005): 25–26. Томас немного иначе понимает слово usine («фабрика», «завод») и говорит о десяти центральных заводах на Гваделупе и двух на Мартинике.

36 Nelly Schmidt, «Les paradoxes du developpement industriel des colonies françaises des Caraibes pendant la seconde moitie du XIX siècle: Perspectives comparatives,» Histoire, Économie et Société 8, no. 3 (1989): 321–322.

37 Henry Iles Woodcock, A History of Tobago (London: Frank Cass, 1971), 107, 190, app.

38 William A.Green, British Slave Emancipation: The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment 1830–1865 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2011), 200; Claude Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism: Barbados and the West Indies, 1833–1876 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1979), 95.

39 Jean-François Géraud, «Joseph Martial Wetzell (1793–1857): Une révolution sucrière oubliée à la Réunion,» Bulletin de la Societé d’Histoire de la Guadeloupe, no. 133 (2002): 44–45.

40 Alessandro Stanziani, Labor on the Fringes of Empire: Voice, Exit and the Law (Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 187.

41 Géraud, «Joseph Martial Wetzell,» 57; Andrés Ramos Mattei, «The Plantations of the Southern Coast of Puerto Rico: 1880–1910,» Social and Economic Studies 37, nos. 1–2 (1988): 369; Peter Richardson, «The Natal Sugar Industry, 1849–1905: An Interpretative Essay,» Journal of African History 23, no. 4 (1982): 520.

42 Thomas, Jean-François Cail, 204–205; Fernández-de-Pinedo, Castro, and Pretel, Technological Transfers, 22.

43 Sudel Fuma, Un exemple d’imperialisme écconomique dans une colonie française aux XIXe siècle – l’île de la Réunion et la Sociele du Crédit Foncier Colonial (Paris: Harmattan, 2001), 31.

44 Schakenbourg, «La creation,» 36, 54–55.

45 W.J.Evans, The Sugar-Planter’s Manual: Being a Treatise on the Art of Obtaining Sugar from the Sugar-Cane (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1848), 171–173.

46 Dale Tomich, «Commodity Frontiers, Spatial Economy, and Technological Innovation in the Caribbean Sugar Industry, 1783–1878,» in The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy Circuits of Trade, Money and Knowledge, 1650–1914, ed. Adrian Leonard and David Pretel (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 204.

47 Anthony Trollope, West Indies and the Spanish Main (London: Chapman and Hall, 1867), 183, 202.

48 Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 1 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1949), 194; Richard B.Sheridan, «Changing Sugar Technology and the Labour Nexus in the British Caribbean, 1750–1900, with Special Reference to Barbados and Jamaica,» New West Indian Guide 63, nos. 1–2 (1989): 74.

49 Deerr, The History of Sugar, 2:577; Luis Martinez-Fernandez, «The Sweet and the Bitter: Cuban and Puerto Rican Responses to the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Sugar Challenge,» New West Indian Guide 67, nos. 1–2 (1993): 50.

50 Victor H.Olmsted and Henry Gannett, Cuba: Population, History and Resources, 1907 (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, 1909), 131, 143; Bosma, «The Cultivation System,» 280–281. Оценка общего населения Явы приводится в источнике: Bosma, The Making of a Periphery, 29.

51 David Turnbull, Travel in the West Cuba: With Notices of Porto Rico, and the Slave Trade (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1840), 129–130.

52 См.: J.Curry-Machado, «Rich Flames and Hired Tears’: Sugar, Sub-Imperial Agents and the Cuban Phoenix of Empire,» Journal of Global History 4, no. 1 (2009): 33–56.

53 Oscar Zanetti Lecuona and Alejandro García Alvarez, Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837–1959 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 25, 78, 95–96; Turnbull, Travel in the West Cuba, 175; Thomas, Cuba, 123.

54 Thomas, Cuba, 118–119. Фрагинальс полагает, что к 1860 году 8,3 % от всех объемов кубинского сахара производилось при помощи вакуумных варочных котлов, но это, вероятно, заниженный показатель. Manuel Moreno Fraginals, El ingenio: El complejo economic social cubano de Azucar (Havana: Comisión Nacional Cubana de la UNESCO, 1964), 119. См. также: J.G.Cantero et al., Los Ingenios: Colección de vistas de los principales ingenios de azúcar de la isla de Cuba (Madrid: Centro Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas, 2005).

55 Jonathan Curry-Machado, Cuban Sugar Industry: Transnational Networks and Engineering Migrants in Mid-Nineteenth Century Cuba (Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 67; Bosma, «The Cultivation System,» 290.

56 J.Carlyle Sitterson, «Hired Labor on Sugar Plantations of the Ante-Bellum South,» Journal of Southern History