Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 50–51.

146 Macaulay and Knutsford, Life and Letters of Zachary Macaulay, 21.

147 David Geggus, «Jamaica and the Saint Domingue Slave Revolt, 1791–1793,» The Americas 38, no. 2 (1981): 219.

148 Geggus, «Jamaica,» 222.

149 David Geggus, «The Cost of Pitt’s Caribbean Campaigns, 1793–1798,» Historical Journal 26, no. 3 (1983): 703.

150 Geggus, «The Cost,» 705.

151 Kentish Gazette, 14.11.1794.

152 Carrington, «‘Econocide,’» 25, 44. Цифры выведены на основе данных из источника: Schumpeter, English Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697–1808, table XVIII.

153 David Beck Ryden, «Does Decline Make Sense?: The West Indian Economy and the Abolition of the British Slave Trade,» Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 3 (2001): 365, 368, 370–371; Carrington, «‘Econocide,’» 35.

154 Deerr, The History of Sugar, 1:59.

155 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 46–48, 63.

156 Petersson, Zuckersiedergewerbe, 91, 124–161; Otto-Ernst Krawehl, Hamburgs Schiffsund Warenverkehr mit England und den englischen Kolonien 1814–1860 (Köln: Böhlau, 1977), 323, 325; Richard Roberts, Schroders: Merchants and Bankers (Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 1992).

4. Наука и пар

1 Plinio Mario Nastari, «The Role of Sugar Cane in Brazil’s History and Economy» (PhD diss., Iowa State University, 1983), 43; Gilberto Freyre, New World in the Tropics: The Culture of Modern Brazil (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1959), 72.

2 Alex van Stipriaan, Surinaams Contrast: Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie 1750–1863 (Leiden: KITLV, 1993), 139. По большей части увеличение производительности труда – и прекращение ее снижения в Суринаме и на Барбадосе – произошло после 1790 года, что совпало с внедрением таитянского сахарного тростника. Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 7, 91, 132, 190; David Eltis, Frank D.Lewis, and David Richardson, «Slave Prices, the African Slave Trade, and Productivity in the Caribbean, 1674–1807,» Economic History Review 58, no. 4 (2005): 684–685; Alex van Stipriaan, «The Suriname Rat Race: Labour and Technology on Sugar Plantations, 1750–1900,» New West Indian Guide 63, nos. 1–2 (1989): 96–97, 101–102.

3 См.: Even Beckett, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 2014).

4 Padraic X.Scalan, «Bureaucratic Civilization: Emancipation and the Global British Middle Class,» in The Global Bourgeoisie: The Rise of the Middle Classes in the Age of Empire, ed. Christof Dejung, David Motadel, and Jürgen Osterhammel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), 145.

5 Dorothy Burne Goebel, «The ‘New England Trade’ and the French West Indies, 1763–1774: A Study in Trade Policies,» William and Mary Quarterly 20, no. 3 (1963): 337.

6 Franklin W.Knight, «Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Production in Cuba, 1750–1850,» Hispanic American Historical Review 57, no. 2 (1977): 249.

7 Eltis, Lewis and Richardson, «Slave Prices,» 683–684.

8 См.: William Belgrove, A Treatise upon Husbandry of Planting, etc. (Boston: D.Fowle, 1755).

9 S.D.Smith, Slavery, Family and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 124–125: Olwyn M.Blouet, «Bryan Edwards, FRS, 1743–1800,» Notes and Records of the Royal Society 54 (2000): 216.

10 Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 208–209.

11 См.: Jerome S.Handler and JoAnn Jacoby, «Slave Medicine and Plant Use in Barbados,» Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, no. 41 (1993): 74–98.

12 См.: James Grainger, An Essay in the More Common West-India Diseases… (London: T.Becket and P.A.De Hondt, 1764).

13 См.: Susana Maria Ramírez Martin, «El legado de la real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (1803–1810): Las Juntas de Vacuna,» Asclepio 56, no. 1 (2004); Richard B.Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 249–267.

14 W.A.Green, «The Planter Class and British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation,» Economic History Review 26, no. 3 (1973): 454; J.H.Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation in the Americas Sugar Industry, c. 1500–1800: An Explanation,» Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75, no. 3 (1985): 334–351; Christopher Ohm Clement, «Settlement Patterning on the British Caribbean Island of Tobago,» Historical Archaeology 31, no. 2 (1997); Michael J.Craton and Garry Greenland, Searching for the Invisible Man: Slaves and Plantation Life in Jamaica (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 15.

15 Green, «The Planter Class,» 449–450.

16 Jerome S.Handler and Diane Wallman, «Production Activities in the Household Economies of Plantation Slaves: Barbados and Martinique, Mid-1600s to Mid-1800s,» International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 18, no. 3 (2014): 450, 461; Judith Ann Carney and Richard Nicholas Rosomoff, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World (Berkeley: University of Carolina Press, 2011), 131; Dale Tomich, «Une petite Guinée: Provision Ground and Plantation in Martinique, 1830–1848,» in The Slaves Economy: Independent Production by Slaves in the Americas, ed. Ira Berlin and Philip D.Morgan (London: Frank Cass, 1991), 70, 73, 86; Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves, 195, 207, 213.

17 Слова Шарля Мозара приводятся в источнике: James E.McClellan and Vertus SaintLouis, Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue in the Old Regime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 160.

18 Richard A.Howard, «The St. Vincent Botanic Garden – The Early Years,» Arnoldia 57, no. 4 (1997): 12–14.

19 Edward Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica 1770–1820 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 84.

20 Richard Henry Drayton, Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the «Improvement» of the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 94–95.

21 Stipriaan, Surinaams Contrast, 171; Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation,» 341.

22 См., например: Ward J.Barrett, The Sugar Hacienda of Marquess del Valle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970), 45–46.

23 Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation,» 341; Stuart John McCook, States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940 (Austin: University of Texas, 2002), 79–80.

24 Drayton, Nature’s Government, 104, 110.

25 Adrian P.Thomas, «The Establishment of Calcutta Botanic Garden: Plant Transfer, Science and the East India Company, 1786–1806,» Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain&Ireland 16, no. 2 (2006): 171–172.

26 Matthew Parker, The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire, and War in the West Indies (New York: Walker, 2012), 271.

27 Seymour Drescher, The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor versus Slavery in British Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press,