Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

Slave Trade to Spanish America,» American Historical Review 120, no. 2 (2015): 440.

46 Галлоуэй также указывает на другие факторы, например на ухудшение сельскохозяйственных условий, вызванное засухами. J.H.Galloway, «Northeast Brazil 1700–1750: The Agricultural Crisis Re-Examined,» Journal of Historical Geography 1, no. 1 (1975): 21–38.

47 Taylor, «The Economics of Sugar,» 270n.13. См. также: Henry Koster, Travels in Brazil (London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816), 348–349.

48 Shawn W.Miller, «Fuelwood in Colonial Brazil: The Economic and Social Consequences of Fuel Depletion for the Bahian Recôncavo, 1549–1820,» Forest&Conservation History 38, no. 4 (1994): 183, 186, 189–190; Koster, Travels in Brazil, 346, 358, 360.

49 Несмотря на то что Дирр только предполагает, что две трети порабощенных людей, перевозимых из Африки, направлялись на сахарные плантации, его оценка вполне может оказаться точной. Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 2 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1950), 284. См. также: B.W.Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, 1807–1834 (Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 1995), 243–244.

50 Deerr, The History of Sugar, 1:239. О числе рабов, перевезенных из Восточной Африки в Сан-Доминго, см.: David Eltis and David Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 248.

51 Roberts, «Working between the Lines,» 569, 579, 581.

52 C.L.R.James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1989), 392.

53 Roberts, «Working between the Lines,» 560–561; Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in the New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 147–149; Ligon, A True&Exact History, 48.

54 Mello, Visser, and Teensma, Nederlanders in Brazilië, 142, 148–152.

55 Слова Лаба приводятся по источнику: Judith Ann Carney and Richard Nicholas Rosomoff, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 110; Dale Tomich, «Une petite Guinée: Provision Ground and Plantation in Martinique, 1830–1848,» in The Slaves Economy: Independent Production by Slaves in the Americas, ed. Ira Berlin and Philip D.Morgan (London: Frank Cass, 1929), 71.

56 Edmund Oskar von Lippmann, Geschichte des Zuckers: Seit den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Beginn der Rübenzucker-Fabrikation: ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte (Berlin: Springer, 1929), 503–504.

57 J.R.Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834: The Process of Amelioration (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 22–24, 151–155; J.S.Handler and R.S.Corruccini, «Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis,» Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14, no. 1 (1983): 75, 78.

58 Jean Baptiste Labat, Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amerique: Contenant l’histoire naturelle de ces pays, l’origine, les moeurs, la religion&le gouvernement des habitans anciens&modernes, vol. 3 (Paris: Chez Guillaume Cavelier pere, 1742), 356–358.

59 John Gabriel Stedman, Reize in de Binnenlanden van Suriname, 2 vols. (Leiden: A.en J.Honkoop, 1799), 2:200.

60 Jerome S.Handler and Diane Wallman, «Production Activities in the Household Economies of Plantation Slaves: Barbados and Martinique, Mid-1600s to Mid-1800s,» International Journal of Historical Archaeology 18, no. 3 (2014): 449, 450, 454–456, 461; Carney and Rosomoff, In the Shadow, 76–79, 106, 132; Hilary McD. Beckles, «An Economic Life of Their Own: Slaves as a Commodity Producers and Distributors in Barbados,» in The Slaves Economy: Independent Production by Slaves in the Americas, ed. Ira Berlin and Philip D.Morgan (London: Frank Cass, 1991), 32–34.

61 Carney and Rosomoff, In the Shadow, 76–79.

62 Gilberto Freyre, The Mansions and the Shanties (Sobrados у Mucambos): The Making of Modern Brazil (New York: A.A.Knopf, 1968), 186, 189.

63 Handler and Wallman, «Production Activities,» 458–460.

64 Sweeney, «Market Marronage, Fugitive Women and the Internal Marketing System in Jamaica, 1781–1834,» William and Mary Quarterly 76, no. 2 (2019): 201.

65 Robert Robertson, A Detection of the State and Situation of the Present Sugar Planters: Of Barbadoes and the Leward Islands (London: J. Wilford, 1732), 44; Stedman, Reize, 1:142.

66 Ligon, A True&Exact History, 50–51; Vincent Brown, The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 132–133.

67 William Beckford, Remarks upon the Situation of Negroes in Jamaica: Impartially Made from a Local Experience of Nearly Thirteen Years in That Island… (London: Printed for T. and J.Egerton, 1788), 23.

68 Stedman, Reize, 2:203.

69 Daniel L.Walker, No More, No More: Slavery and Cultural Resistance in Havana and New Orleans (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 14–15.

70 Londa Schiebinger, Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), chap. 3.

71 Robertson, A Detection of the State, 49.

72 Hilary Beckles, Afro-Caribbean Women and Resistance to Slavery in Barbados (London: Karnak House, 1988), 69–70.

73 Caldeira, «Learning the Ropes,» 59; Deerr, The History of Sugar, 2:318.

74 Morgan, Laboring Women, 175.

75 Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 112, 120. О подделке документов см.: Beckles, Afro-Caribbean Women, 63.

76 Jerome S.Handler and Charlotte J.Frisbie, «Aspects of Slave Life in Barbados: Music and Its Cultural Context,» Caribbean Studies 11, no. 4 (1972): 8.

77 См., например: Stuart B.Schwartz, Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), chap. 4. См. также: Richard Price, Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Vincent Brown, Tacky’s Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022).

78 Stedman, Reize, 2:13–14.

79 Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 55, 62.

8 °Cм. например: Douglas Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750–86 (London: Macmillan, 1989).

81 Zachary Macaulay and Margaret Jean Trevelyan Knutsford, Life and Letters of Zachary Macaulay (London: E. Arnold, 1900), 8.

82 См.: Dave Gosse, «The Politics of Morality: The Debate Surrounding the 1807 Abolition of the Slave Trade,» Caribbean Quarterly 56, nos. 1–2 (2010): 127–138; Katherine Paugh, Politics of Reproduction: Race, Medicine, and Fertility in the Age of Abolition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 26, 31–36, 42–43.

83 Alex van Stipriaan, Surinaams Contrast: Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie 1750–1863 (Leiden: KITLV, 1993), 323; Nicole Vanony-Frisch, «Les esclaves de la Guadeloupe à la fin