Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

000 тонн); Индия (60 000 тонн – в Англию, и неизвестное количество в азиатских пределах); Ява (60 000 тонн); Луизиана (49 460 тонн); Маврикий (36 599 тонн); Пуэрто-Рико (36 515 тонн) и Британская Гвиана (35 619 тонн). Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 1 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1949), 112, 126, 203, 249.

2 Zachary Macaulay, A Letter to William W. Whitmore, Esq. M.P.… (London: Lupton Relphe, and Hatchard and Son, 1823), 2–4.

3 Harold E.Annett, The Date Sugar Industry in Bengal: An Investigation into Its Chemistry and Agriculture (Calcutta: Thacker Spink, 1913), 289.

4 Ulbe Bosma, The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770–2010 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 29.

5 Ulbe Bosma and Jonathan Curry-Machado, «Two Islands, One Commodity: Cuba, Java, and the Global Sugar Trade (1790–1930),» New West Indian Guide 86, nos. 3–4 (2012): 239.

6 Jerome S. Handler and JoAnn Jacoby, «Slave Names and Naming in Barbados, 1650–1830,» William and Mary Quarterly 53, no. 4 (1996): 702, 725; Colleen A. Vasconcellos, Slavery, Childhood, and Abolition in Jamaica, 1788–1838 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015), 72–74.

7 Jerome S.Handler and Charlotte J.Frisbie, «Aspects of Slave Life in Barbados: Music and Its Cultural Context,» Caribbean Studies 11, no. 4 (1972): 11, 38–39.

8 John B.Cade, «Out of the Mouths of Ex-Slaves,» Journal of Negro History 20, no. 3 (1935): 333–334; Richard J. Follett, The Sugar Masters: Planters and Slaves in Louisiana’s Cane World, 1820–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 220.

9 Jan Jacob Hartsinck, Beschryving van Guiana, of de Wilde Kust, in Zuid-America… (Amsterdam: G.Tielenburg, 1770), 910, 913; John Gabriel Stedman, Reize in de Binnenlanden van Suriname, 2 vols. (Leiden: A. en J.Honkoop, 1799), 2:205.

10 Перевод на английский сделан автором. Victor Schoelcher, Des colonies françaises: Abolition immédiate de l’esclavage (Paris: Pagnerre, 1842), 14.

11 Cade, «Out of the Mouths,» 297–298.

12 J.Wolbers, Geschiedenis van Suriname (Amsterdam: H. de Hoogh, 1861), 455–456.

13 Claude Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism: Barbados and the West Indies, 1833–1876 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1979), 20.

14 Hilary McD. Beckles, «The Slave-Drivers’ War: Bussa and the 1816 Barbados Slave Rebellion,» Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, no. 39 (1985): 95, 102–103; Michael Craton, «Proto-Peasant Revolts? The Late Slave Rebellions in the British West Indies 1816–1832,» Past&Present, no. 85 (1979): 101.

15 По различным оценкам, в нем приняло участие от 13 до 30 тысяч рабов. Craton, «Proto-Peasant Revolts?» 106; Richard B. Sheridan, «The Condition of the Slaves on the Sugar Plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the Colony of Demerara, 1812–49,» New West Indian Guide 76, nos. 3–4 (2002): 248.

16 База данных «Центра изучения наследия британского рабовладения» (Legacies of British Slavery Database), статья «John Gladstone,» дата обращения: 27.01.2022. http://www.depts-live.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/8961.

17 Sheridan, «The Condition of the Slaves,» 256, 259; Anya Jabour, «Slave Health and Health Care in the British Caribbean: Profits, Racism, and the Failure of Amelioration in Trinidad and British Guiana, 1824–1834,» Journal of Caribbean History 28, no. 1 (1994): 4, 7, 10–13.

18 Zachary Macaulay, East and West India Sugar, or, A Refutation of the Claims of the West India Colonists to a Protecting Duty on East India Sugar (London: Lupton Relfe and Hatchard and Son, 1823), 44; Macaulay, A Letter to William W. Whitmore, 31.

19 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 64.

20 Robert Montgomery Martin, Facts Relative to the East and West-India Sugar Trade, Addressed to Editors of the Public Press, with Supplementary Observations (London, 1830), 5–6.

21 James Cropper, Relief for West-Indian Distress, Shewing the Inefficiency of Protecting Duties on East-India Sugar, and Pointing Out Other Modes of Certain Relief (London: Hatchard and Son, 1823), 27.

22 Анонимный автор, «A Picture of the Negro Slavery Existing in the Mauritius,» AntiSlavery Monthly Reporter (1829): 375, 378–379.

23 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 61.

24 Elizabeth Heyrick, Immediate, Not Gradual Abolition: or, an Inquiry into the Shortest, Safest, and Most Effectual Means of Getting Rid of West Indian Slavery (Boston: Isaac Knapp, 1838), 24.

25 Holcomb, Moral Commerce, 42, 43, chap. 4, 107; Ruth Ketring Nuermberger, The Free Produce Movement: A Quaker Protest against Slavery (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1942), 77–79.

26 См.: Seymour Drescher, «History’s Engines: British Mobilization in the Age of Revolution,» William and Mary Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2009): 737–756; J.Quirk and D.Richardson, «Religion, Urbanisation and Anti-Slavery Mobilisation in Britain, 1787–1833,» European Journal of English Studies 14, no. 3 (2010): 269.

27 Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism, 55.

28 Hilary McD. Beckles, Great House Rules: Landless Emancipation and Workers’ Protest in Barbados, 1838–1938 (Kingston, Jamaica: Randle, 2004), 45; Cecilia Ann Karch, «The Transformation and Consolidation of the Corporate Plantation Economy in Barbados: 1860–1977» (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1982), 200; Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism, 113, 115–116, 127.

29 G.E.Cumper, «A Modern Jamaican Sugar Estate,» Social and Economic Studies 3, no. 2 (1954): 135.

30 William G.Sewell, The Ordeal of Free Labor in the British West Indies (New York, 1863), 204; W.A.Green, «The Planter Class and British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation,» Economic History Review 26, no. 3 (1973): 458–459.

31 Deerr, The History of Sugar, 1:198–199.

32 Thomas C.Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832–1938 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 278, 317; Karch, «The Transformation,» 193; O.Nigel Bolland, On the March: Labour Rebellions in the British Caribbean, 1934–39 (Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, 1995), 158.

33 West India Royal Commission, Report of… with Subsidiary Report by D.Morris… (Appendix A); Statistical Tables and Diagrams, and a Map (Appendix B) (London: H.M.Stationery Office, by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897), 140–142.

34 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 71, 78; Andrew James Ratledge, «From Promise to Stagnation: East India Sugar 1792–1865» (PhD diss., Adelaide University, 2004), 240.

35 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 67–68.

36 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 79.

37 Lynn Hollen Lees, Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects: British Malaya, 1786–1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 25–26.

38 Leone Levi, On the Sugar Trade and Sugar Duties: A Lecture Delivered at King’s College, London, Feb. 29, 1864