Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США - Агата Демаре

Washington Can Take to Guard Against Overuse”, Foreign Affairs, September 11, 2018, https://www. foreignaffairs. com/articles/2018–09–11/us-using-sanctions-too-aggressively.

123

Edith Lederer, “Russia, China Block UN from Saying North Korea Violated Sanctions”, Associated Press, June 19, 2019, https://apnews. com/article/cb6be1337d2a48ecbde14dac590be083.

124

Smets, “Can Economic Sanctions Be Effective?”.

125

“Sixty Years of US Aid to Pakistan”, Guardian, July 11, 2011, https://www. theguardian. com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jul/11/us-aid-to-pakistan.

126

Nazia Malik, “Economic Sanctions Imposed on Pakistan and Their Impact (1979–2001)”, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University Singapore, accessed May 20, 2020, http://www. ipedr. com/vol39/028-ICITE2012-K00006. pdf.

127

Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (London: Penguin, 2004), 164–69.

128

Coll, Ghost Wars, 296–300.

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Coll, Ghost Wars, 406.

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Coll, Ghost Wars, 313.

131

Francisco Rodríguez, “Why More Sanctions Won’t Help Venezuela”, Foreign Policy, January 12, 2018, https://foreignpolicy. com/2018/01/12/why-more-sanctions-wont-help-venezuela.

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Michael Birnbaum, “Putin’s Approval Ratings Hit 89 Percent, the Highest They’ve Ever Been”, Washington Post, June 24, 2015, https://www. washingtonpost. com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/24/putins-approval — ratings-hit‐89-percent-the-highest-theyve-ever-been.

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Строго говоря, Соединенных Штатов в тот момент еще не существовало (государство образовано только в 1776 году). (Прим. пер.)

134

Robert Middlekauff, Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies (Oakland: University of California Press, 1998), 57.

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Richard Haass, “Economic Sanctions: Too Much of a Bad Thing”, Brookings, June 1, 1998, https://www. brookings. edu/research/economic-sanctions-too-much-of-a-bad-thing.

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Kathryn Zeimetz, “USSR Agricultural Trade, August 1991”, Statistical Bulletin 808 (August 1991): 15, https://ageconsearch. umn. edu/record/154704/files/sb808. pdf.

137

Carl Zulauf, Jonathan Coppess, Nick Paulson, and Gary Schnitkey, “U. S. Corn, Soybean, Wheat Exports and USSR Grain Embargo: Contemporary Implications”, farmdoc daily 8, no. 129 (July 2018), https://farmdocdaily. illinois. edu/2018/07/us-corn-soybean-wheat-exports-and-ussr-grain-embargo-contemporary-implications. html.

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Frank Morris, “Farmers Swept Up in Trade Wars Remember ’80s Grain Embargo”, National Public Radio, August 16, 2018, https://www. npr. org/2018/08/16/639149657/farmers-caught-up-in-u-s-trade-war-s-remember‐80-s-grain-embargo.

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Morris, “Farmers Swept Up Iin Trade Wars”.

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Gary Hufbauer, Kimberly Ann Elliott, Tess Cyrus, and Elizabeth Ann Winston, “US Economic Sanctions: Their Impact on Trade, Jobs, and Wages”, Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, April 1997), https://www. piie. com/publications/working-papers/us-economic-sanctions-their-impact-trade-jobs-and-wages.

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Расчеты автора с использованием данных Economist Intelligence Unit, март 2021 года.

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Dina Khrennikova and Anna Andrianova, “Trump’s Oil Sanctions Leave Russian Exporters $1 Billion Richer”, Bloomberg, August 16, 2019, https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2019–08–16/trump-s-oil-sanctions-leave-russian-exporters‐1-billion-richer.

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“Treasury Targets Additional Russian Oil Brokerage Firm for Continued Support of Maduro Regime”, U. S. Treasury, March 12, 2020, https://home. treasury. gov/news/press-releases/sm937.

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Clare Ribando Seelke, “Venezuela: Overview of U. S. Sanctions”, Congressional Research Service, accessed April 23, 2020, https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/IF10715. pdf.

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“Factbox: Oil, Loans, Military — Russia’s Exposure to Venezuela”, Reuters, January 24, 2019, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-politics-russia-factbox/factbox-oil-loans-military-russias-exposure-to-venezuela-idUSKCN1PI1T4.

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Иван Ткачёв, “Танкеры с пропиской в России подключились к перевозке венесуэльской нефти”, РБК, December 14, 2020, https://www. rbc. ru/economics/14/12/2020/5fce9d879a79471c1e8cb6b4.

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Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber and Olesya Astakhova, “Rosneft Sells Venezuelan Assets to Russia After U. S. Sanctions Ramp Up”, Reuters, March 28, 2020, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-russia-rosneft-venezuela/rosneft-sells-venezuelan-assets-to-russia-after-u-s-sanctions-ramp-up-idUSKBN21F0W2.

148

Aaron Blake, “Trump Echoes Putin on Venezuela — and Contradicts His Own Secretary of State”, Washington Post, May 3, 2019, https://www. washingtonpost. com/politics/2019/05/03/trump-echoes-putin-venezuela-contradicts-his-own-secretary-state.

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“Economic Affairs — Second Report”, House of Lords, April 24, 2007, https://publications. parliament. uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldeconaf/96/9606. htm#a8.

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Wilfrid Kreisel, “Health Situation in Iraq”, World Health Organization, February 26, 2001, https://apps. who. int/disasters/repo/6386. doc.

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Sarah Zaidi and Mary Smith Fawzi, “Health of Baghdad’s Children”, Lancet 346, no. 8988 (1995): 1485, https://doi. org/10.1016/s0140–6736(95)92499-x.

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Указанное количество — популярный миф, раскрученный для борьбы с санкциями. Величину в 576 000 детей Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация Объединенных Наций (ФАО) получила в 1995 году исключительно на основании грубой оценки изменения детской смертности. В 1999 году Детский фонд ООН (ЮНИСЕФ) опубликовал близкую оценку (более 500 000 детей), основанную на сравнении трендов детской смертности 1980-х и 1990-х. Однако последующие исследователи назвали этот метод «фальсификацией» и «мошенничеством». Три дальнейших независимых исследования ООН (2004, 2006, 2011) не выявили существенной разницы в уровне детской смертности до и после ввода санкций (результаты опубликованы в журнале British Medical Journal: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717930/). После критики ЮНИСЕФ признал, что его данные вовсе не означали, что погибло полмиллиона детей. (Прим. пер.)

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Tim Dyson and Valeria Cetorelli, “Changing Views on Child Mortality and Economic Sanctions in Iraq: a History of Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics”, BMJ Global Health (July 2017), https://dx. doi. org/10.1136/bmjgh‐2017–000311.

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David Rieff, “Were Sanctions Right?”, New York Times, July 27, 2003, https://www. nytimes. com/2003/07/27/magazine/were-sanctions-right. html.

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Joy Gordon, Invisible War: The United States and the Iraq Sanctions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 200.

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“Iran Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021.

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“Russia Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021.

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“Venezuela Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020.

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Richard Partington, “14m Bolivars for a Chicken: Venezuela Hyperinflation Explained”, Guardian, August 20, 2018, https://www. theguardian. com/world/2018/aug/20/venezuela-bolivars-hyperinflation-banknotes.

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“Why It’s Hard for Congo’s Coltan Miners to Abide by the Law”, Economist,