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86

Luc Cohen and Carina Pons, “New Venezuela Sanctions Protect Citgo, Encourage Debt Talks: Opposition”, Reuters, August 6, 2019, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa-citgo/new-venezuela-sanctions-protect-citgo-encourage-debt-talks-opposition-idUSKCN1UW1YK.

87

Kenneth Vogel, “Lewandowski’s Firm Quietly Inked Deal with Venezuela-Owned Company”, Politico, March 5, 2017, https://www. politico. com/story/2017/05/03/corey-lewandowski-citgo-deal‐237960.

88

Dany Bahar, Sebastian Bustos, Jose R. Morales, and Miguel A. Santos, “Impact of the 2017 Sanctions on Venezuela, Revisiting the Evidence”, Brookings, May 2019, https://www. brookings. edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/impact-of-the‐2017-sanctions-on-venezuela_final. pdf.

89

Marianna Parraga, “Exclusive: As Citgo Profit Rises, Pressure to Restore Dividend Grows — Sources”, Reuters, December 4, 2019, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-citgo-dividends-exclusive/exclusive-as-citgo-profit-rises-pressure-to-restore-dividend-grows-sources-idUSKBN1Y82SQ.

90

“A Closer Look at US Oil Sanctions”, Economist Intelligence Unit, February 21, 2019, http://country. eiu. com/article. aspx?articleid=1017682885&Country=Venezuela&topic=Economy_1.

91

Marie Delcas, “Venezuela: quelles seront les conséquences des sanctions américaines contre Maduro”, Le Monde, January 29, 2019, https://www. lemonde. fr/international/article/2019/01/29/venezuela-les-etats-unis-durcissent-les-sanctions-contre-maduro_5416029_3210. html.

92

Brian Scheid, “US Set to Sanction Rosneft Oil, Fuel Trade with PDVSA: Senior Trump Administration Official”, S&P Global Platts, August 15, 2019, https://www. spglobal. com/platts/es/market-insights/latest-news/oil/081519-us-set-to-sanction-rosneft-oil-fuel-trade-with-PDVSA‐senior-trump-administration-official.

93

Clifford Krauss, “ ‘It’s the Only Way to Get Paid’: A Struggle for Citgo, Venezuela’s U. S. Oil Company”, New York Times, October 17, 2019, https://www. nytimes. com/2019/10/17/business/energy-environment/citgo-venezuela-creditors. html.

94

“US Treasury Extends Block on Takeover of Citgo”, Argus Media, accessed December 1, 2020, https://www. argusmedia. com/en/news/2123539-us-treasury-extends-block-on-takeover-of-citgo.

95

“U. S. Judge Rules PDVSA’s 2020 Bonds Are Valid, Citgo Still Protected”, Reuters, October 16, 2020, https://uk. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-debt/u-s-judge-rules-PDVSAs‐2020-bonds-are-valid-citgo-still-protected-idUKKBN2712DG.

96

“Treasury Targets Sanctions Evasion Network Supporting Corrupt Venezuelan Actors”, U. S. Treasury, June 18, 2020, https://home. treasury. gov/news/press-releases/sm1038.

97

“Major Drop in OPEC+ Supplies”, Economist Intelligence Unit, accessed December 1, 2020, http://industry. eiu. com/handlers/filehandler. ashx?mode=pdf&issue_id=1059705889.

98

“Venezuela Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020.

99

Richard Nephew, “Libya: Sanctions Removal Done Right? A Review of the Libyan Sanctions Experience”, Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy, March 2018, https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/pictures/Libya%20Sanctions%20Removal_CGEP_Report_031918. pdf.

100

Lisa Anderson, “Rogue Libya’s Long Road”, Middle East Report, no. 241 (2006): 42–47, https://doi. org/10.2307/25164764.

101

Joseph Feliciano, “The Economic Instrument of Power and Globalization”, U. S. Army War College, March 24, 2011, https://apps. dtic. mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a560021. pdf.

102

“Economic Sanctions: Agencies Assess Impacts on Targets, and Studies Suggest Several Factors Contribute to Sanctions’ Effectiveness”, U. S. Government Accountability Office, October 2019, https://www. gao. gov/assets/710/701891. pdf.

103

Richard Nephew, “Collateral Damage: The Impact on Pakistan from U. S. Sanctions Against Iran”, Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy, August 2017, https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/CGEPSanctionsandtheRisk%20ofCollateralDamageTheImpactofUSIranSanctionsonPakistan0717. pdf.

104

Kimberly Ann Elliott, “Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Economic Sanctions”, Subcommittee on Trade, Committee on Ways and Means, U. S. House of Representatives, October 23, 1997, https://www. piie. com/commentary/testimonies/evidence-costs-and-benefits-economic-sanctions.

105

Elliott, “Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Economic Sanctions”.

106

Marteen Smets, “Can Economic Sanctions Be Effective?” WTO Staff Working Paper, No. 2018/03 (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2018), https://dx. doi. org/10.30875/0b967ac6-en.

107

Esfandyar Batmanghelidj, “Resistance Is Simple, Resilience Is Complex: Sanctions and the Composition of Iranian Trade”, Johns Hopkins University, accessed December 10, 2020, https://static1. squarespace. com/static/5f0f5b1018e89f351b8b3ef8/t/5fd0e4a906d21916ed79ba75/1607525546925/IranUnderSanctions_Batmanghelidj. pdf.

108

Richard Nephew, “Evaluating the Trump’s Administration’s Approach to Sanctions, Case: Iran”, Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy, November 8, 2019, https://www. energypolicy. columbia. edu/research/commentary/evaluating-trump-administration-s-approach-sanctions-iran.

109

Gérard Araud, Passeport Diplomatique, Quarante Ans au Quai d’Orsay (Paris: Grasset, 2019), 165.

110

Peter Harrell, “Cuba: U. S. Sanctions Policy After the Embargo”, Columbia/SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy, November 2016, https://energypolicy. columbia. edu/sites/default/files/Cuba%3A%20US%20Sanctions%20Policy%20After%20the%20Embargo. pdf.

111

“Economic Sanctions: Treasury and State Have Received Increased Resources for Sanctions Implementation but Face Hiring Challenges”, U. S. Government Accountability Office, accessed May 10, 2020, https://www. gao. gov/assets/710/701891. pdf.

112

Hilary Mossberg, “Beyond Carrots, Better Sticks”, The Sentry, October 2019, https://cdn. thesentry. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SanctionsEffectiveness_TheSentry_Oct2019-web. pdf.

113

James Gibney, “Trump’s Sanctions Are Losing Their Bite”, Bloomberg, April 2, 2020, https://www. bloomberg. com/opinion/articles/2020–04–02/trump-s-overuse-of-sanctions-is-weakening-their-effectiveness.

114

Christian Gianella, Magali Cesana, Audrey Cezard-Assouad, et al., “Economic Sanctions: What Have We Learned from the Recent and Not so Recent Past?”, Trésor-Economics, no. 150 (2015), https://www. tresor. economie. gouv. fr/Articles/2015/07/29/tresor-economics-no‐150-economic-sanctions-what-have-we-learned-from-the-recent-and-not-so-recent-past.

115

Gary Hufbauer, Jeffrey Schott, Kimberly Ann Elliott, and Barbara Oegg, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009).

116

Kim Nossal, “Liberal-Democratic Regimes, International Sanctions, and Global Governance”, in Globalization and Global Governance, ed. Raimo Väyrynen (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 127–49.

117

Richard Nephew and Colin Rowat, “ExxonMobil Just Challenged Trump to Get Serious with Russia Policy”, Fortune, April 30, 2017, https://fortune. com/2017/04/30/sanctions-waivers-donald-trump-russia-exxonmobil.

118

“Iran: Threats to Free, Fair Elections”, Human Rights Watch, May 24, 2013, https://www. hrw. org/news/2013/05/24/iran-threats-free-fair-elections.

119

Dursun Peksen, “Better or Worse? The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights”, Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 1 (January 2009): 59–77, https://doi. org/10.1177/0022343308098404.

120

Nigel Gould-Davies, “Russia, the West and Sanctions”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 62 (February — March 2020): 7–28, https://doi. org/10.1080/00396338.2020.1715060.

121

Elliott, “Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Economic Sanctions”.

122

Peter Harrell, “Is the U. S. Using Sanctions Too Aggressively? The Steps

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