Средневековый Понт - Сергей Павлович Карпов

copper, timber, fish, caviar, wine, salt, and increasingly — slaves. The crisis resulted in diminished main trade tax income, paid by Italians in Trebizond (unlike in Byzantium, where Venetians and Genoese were exempt from taxation). As a result of decreasing commerce and increasing attempts of emperors to augment taxation, tensions grew between the Empire of Trebizond and Venice (as well as Genoa). The greatest conflict that between the Republic of Saint Marc and the Grand Komnenoi in 1374–1376, is studied through the rich documentation in the State Archives of Venice, as well as Greek chronicles (Ch.9).

Archival sources from Venice, Genoa, St. Petersburg, etc., explored in the book provide a new picture not only of Italian trade and colonization, but also of the history of Pontic Hellenism and intercultural contacts in the area. A large set of documents from the State Archives of Genoa (Archivio Segreto, Diversorum, Filze) was for the first time examined in its integrity in Chapter 12. Petitions collected therein reveal the main claims of Italian merchants and officials within the Black Sea settlements and their relationships with the surrounding, multi — ethnic world. Of course, the documentation of Italian trading stations in the area was completely lost in situ due to Ottoman conquest and destruction, and may be traced mainly through documents in the archives of Genoa and Venice. Still it is possible to "reconstruct" notarial archives of Pontic towns and to discover new names of notaries working there. An example of such methodology is given in Chapter 10, dealing with the activities of a Genoese notaiy in Trebizond Guirardo di San Donato (1288–1290).

The study of the Empire of Trebizond has revealed its deep ties with Northern Black Sea areas. From the time of the Pontic King Mithridates VI (121–63 B.C.), the North and the South of the Black Sea were either integrated into larger empires (the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman), or well connected economically (Ch. 1). The city of Tana, Azak in the estuary of the Don and its periphery were of great importance for Trebizond as a supply source for grain, salt and fish. From Trebizond, wine and olive oil were largely exported to Tana. Azak, a great nomadic "city" with unclear frontiers, neighbored Venetian and Genoese trading stations created in the late 13th and early 14th centuries as well as Jewish and Russian settlements.

Nearly ail local ethnic groups were to be found there. Pontic Hellenism, supported by the Empire of Trebizond, and the commercial activities of Italians produced mostly characteristic features of the syncretic culture created in this Tatar-dominated province. Chapter 13 considers a debated question of the time and circumstances surrounding the creation of Italian Tana. New documents and different approaches were combined to reveal the various phases of the foundation and functioning of the trading stations within the territory of the Golden Horde (Chs. 13 and 17). Axes of commerce running through Tana, their directions and importance are studied in Chapter 14. The civil status and ethnic composition of Tana's population may be statistically verified through the large dossier of a Venetian notary and chancellor in Tana, Benedetto Bianco (1359–1363) (Ch. 15). A newly discovered feature is the existence in Tana of an Orthodox parish with Greek and Slavonic worshippers (Ch. 16). Gradually, the metropolitans of Trebizond became the main religious authority in Tana, replacing the bishops of Alania.

Thus, Pontic Hellenism and Italian colonization form the general framework of this book, consisting partly of previously published and revised articles, partly of new entries. Numerous distinguished scholars from many countries, among whom are J. Fallmerayer, G. Finlay, W. Heyd, F. I. Uspenskij, W. Miller, A.A. Vasiliev, E. Skrzhinskaya, N. Iorga, G. Bratianu, O. Lampsides, A. Bryer, M. Balard, G. Pistarino — and so many others — contributed to a better knowledge of medieval Pontos. This work is a modest continuation of their efforts, under new aspects and with a wider treatment of Italian archival sources.

I am grateful to Edwin Mellen Press Ltd. and to Professor G.M. Bongard-Levin for their proposal to have this book published. I am also indebted to the Open Society for a grant supporting this research (RSS, No.: 297/1999)

S. Karpov

Список сокращений

АДСВ — Античная древность, средние века. Свердловск/Екатеринбург.

АП — Άρχειον Πόντου

ВВ — Византийский временник

ВДИ — Вестник древней истории

ВИ — Вопросы истории

ВО — Византийские очерки

ЗООИД — Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей

ЗРВИ — Записки Радова Византолошког Института

ИРАИК — Известия Русского Археологического Института в Константинополе

ИТУАК — Известия Таврической Ученой рхивной Комиссии

ИФЖ — Историко-филологический журнал. Ереван

МАИЭТ — Материалы по археологии, истории и этнографии Таврии. Симферополь.

НЭ — Нумизматика и Эпиграфика

СВ — Средние века

УЗ — Ученые записки

ASLSP — Atti deila Società Ligure di Storia Patria. Genova

BF — Byzantinische Forschungen

BMGS — Byzantine and Middle Greek Studies

BS — Byzantinoslavica

Byz — Byzantion

DOP — Dumbarton Oaks Papers

EO — Echos d Orient

GGM — Geographi graeci minores/ed. C. Müller. Paris, 1855; 1861. T. 1–2.

HDSE — Rosenqyist J.O. The Hagiographie Dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154. A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation, Commentary and Indexes. Uppsala, 1996.

JA — Journal Asiatique

JÖB — Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik

ΚΕΦΣ — Ο εν Κωνσναντινουπόλει Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος.

LPP — Lampros Sp. Ρ. Παλαιολόγεια και Πελοποννησιακά. Athenai, 1912–1930. Τ. 1–4.

MGH — Monumenta Germaniae Historica.

MHR — Mediterranean Historical Review, Tel Aviv — London

MM — Miklosich F, Muller J Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana

NC — Numismatic Chronicle

NE — Νέος Ελληνομνημων

OCP — Orientalia Christiana Periodica

PLP — Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. Fase. 1–12, Addenda. Wien, 1976–1996.

PRK — Das Register des Patriarchats von Konstantinopel. Ι—II Teil. Wien, 1981; 1995.

REB — Revue des Études Byzantines

RESEE — Revue des études sud-est européennes

RHC, DA — Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Arméniens. Paris.

RHC, HOcc. — Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens Occidentaux. Paris

RHC, HOr. — Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens Orientaux. Paris

RIS