Секреты лаборатории питания: Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет - Трейси Манн

433

Megan Spanjers, «A Nutritious Diet Without Calorie Counting and Restrictive Rules? An Analysis of Nutrition Trends among Intuitive Eaters» (University of Minnesota, 2013).

434

Вывод подтвержден 11 из 12 экспериментов, упомянутых в книге: O'Reilly et al., «Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Obesity-Related Eating Behaviours». Для ознакомления с примерами см.: Jean Kristeller, Ruth Q. Wolever, and Virgil Sheets, «Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial», Mindfulness (February 1, 2013), doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1.

435

P. Rozin et al., «Attitudes to Food and the Role of Food in Life in the U.S.A., Japan, Flemish Belgium and France: Possible Implications for the Diet-Health Debate», Appetite 33, no. 2 (October 1999): 163–80, doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0244.

436

Мои дети называют это «тележеванием».

437

Rozin et al., «The Ecology of Eating».

438

Rozin et al., «Attitudes to Food and the Role of Food in Life in the U.S.A., Japan, Flemish Belgium and France».

439

Rozin et al., «Attitudes to Food and the Role of Food in Life in the U.S.A., Japan, Flemish Belgium and France».

440

Jordi Quoidbach et al., «Money Giveth, Money Taketh Away: The Dual Effect of Wealth on Happiness», Psychological Science 21, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 759–63, doi:10.1177/0956797610371963.

441

Jordi Quoidbach et al., «Money Giveth, Money Taketh Away: The Dual Effect of Wealth on Happiness», Psychological Science 21, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 759–63, doi:10.1177/0956797610371963.

442

Richard Kirshenbaum, «Let Them Eat Kale: Extreme Dieters Ruining Dinner Parties for Everyone Else. Two Almonds Is Now Considered a Meal?», New York Observer, January 21, 2014.

443

Art Caplan, «New Zealand's Solution for Rising Health Costs? Deport Fat People», NBC News, 2013, http://www.nbcnews.com/health/diet-fitness/new-zealands-solution-rising-health-costs-deport-fat-people-f6C10861122.

444

Helen Carter, «Too Fat to Adopt – the Married, Teetotal Couple Rejected by Council Because of Man's Weight», Guardian, January 16, 2009.

445

Mark V. Roehling et al., «The Effects of Weight Bias on Job-Related Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies», in «Academy of Management Annual Meeting», Anaheim, CA, 2008.

446

M. V. Roehling, P. V. Roehling, and L. M. Odland, «Investigating the Validity of Stereotypes about Overweight Employees: The Relationship between Body Weight and Normal Personality Traits», Group & Organization Management 33, no. 4 (May 28, 2008): 392–424, doi:10.1177/1059601108321518.

447

Brian A. Nosek et al., «Pervasiveness and Correlates of Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes», European Review of Social Psychology 18, no. 1 (January 2007): 36–88, doi:10.1080/10463280701489053. 69 % участников предпочли стройных полным.

448

Brian A. Nosek et al., «Pervasiveness and Correlates of Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes», European Review of Social Psychology 18, no. 1 (January 2007): 36–88, doi:10.1080/10463280701489053. 69 % участников предпочли стройных полным.

449

R. T. Azevedo et al., «Weighing the Stigma of Weight: An fMRI Study of Neural Reactivity to the Pain of Obese Individuals», NeuroImage 91 (May 1, 2014): 109–19, doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.041.

450

R. M. Puhl, T. Andreyeva, and K. D. Brownell, «Perceptions of Weight Discrimination: Prevalence and Comparison to Race and Gender Discrimination in America», International Journal of Obesity 32, no. 6 (2008): 992–1000, doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.22.

451

Puhl and Heuer, «The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update», 2009.

452

Для ознакомления со статистикой приема в колледжи см.: Jane Wardle, Jo Waller, and Martin J. Jarvis, «Sex Differences in the Association of Socioeconomic Status with Obesity», American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 8 (August 10, 2002): 1299–1304, doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.8.1299. Описание ситуации с оплатой медицинских страховок см.: Walter Hamilton, «Report: CVS Caremark Demands Workers Disclose Weight, Health Info», Los Angeles Times, March 20, 2013.

453

Обзор существующих и предлагаемых мер правовой защиты см.: Young Suh et al., «Support for Laws to Prohibit Weight Discrimination in the United States: Public Attitudes from 2011 to 2013», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 22, no. 8 (April 8, 2014):1872–9, doi:10.1002/oby.20750.

454

Статистические данные о мальчиках см. в работе: Nina Karnehed et al., «Obesity and Attained Education: Cohort Study of More than 700,000 Swedish Men», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 14, no. 8 (August 2006): 1421–28, doi:10.1038/oby.2006.161. Статистические данные о девочках см. в работе: R. Crosnoe, «Gender, Obesity, and Education», Sociology of Education 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 241–60, doi:10.1177/003804070708000303. Статистические данные о мальчиках и девочках без учета уровня интеллекта см. в работе: Wardle, Waller, and Jarvis, «Sex Differences in the Association of Socioeconomic Status with Obesity».

455

Jacob M. Burmeister et al., «Weight Bias in Graduate School Admissions», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 21, no. 5 (May 2013): 918–20, doi:10.1002/oby.20171.

456

Для ознакомления с обзором см.: R. Puhl and C. Heuer, «The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update», Obesity 17, no. 5 (2009): 941–64.

457

Scott Klarenbach et al., «Population-Based Analysis of Obesity and Workforce Participation», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 14, no. 5 (May 2006): 920–27, doi:10.1038/oby.2006.106.

458

Roehling et al., «The Effects of Weight Bias on Job-Related Outcomes».

459

K. S. O'Brien et al., «Obesity Discrimination: The Role of Physical Appearance, Personal Ideology, and Anti-Fat Prejudice», International Journal of Obesity 37, no. 3 (March 2013): 455–60, doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.52.

460

Klarenbach et al., «Population-Based Analysis of Obesity and Workforce Participation».

461

Центру пришлось пересмотреть свою политику после того, как к ней было привлечено внимание журналистов. «Texas-Based Hospital 'Citizens Medical Center' Suspends Body Mass Index Employment Requirement», Obesity Action Coalition, 2012, http://www.obesityaction.org/newsroom/news-releases/2012-news-releases/texas-based-hospital-citizens-medical-center-suspends-body-mass-index-employment-requirement.

462

Roehling et al., «The Effects of Weight Bias on Job-Related Outcomes».

463

Обстоятельное обсуждение вопроса можно найти в главе 6 книги: Terry Poulton, «No Fat Chicks: How Big Business Profits by Making Women Hate Their Bodies – And How to Fight Back» (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1997).

464

Обстоятельное обсуждение вопроса можно найти в главе 6 книги: Terry Poulton, «No Fat Chicks: How Big Business Profits by Making Women Hate Their Bodies – And How to Fight Back» (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1997).

465

Charles L. Baum and William F. Ford, «The Wage Effects of Obesity: A Longitudinal Study», Health Economics 13, no. 9 (September 2004): 885–99, doi:10.1002/hec.881. Для ознакомления с данными о состоянии дел в Европе см.: Giorgio Brunello and Béatrice D'Hombres, «Does Body Weight Affect Wages? Evidence from Europe», Economics and Human Biology 5, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–19, doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2006.11.002.

466

Timothy A. Judge and Daniel M. Cable, «When It Comes to Pay, Do the Thin Win? The Effect of Weight on Pay for Men and Women», Journal of Applied Psychology 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 95–112, doi:10.1037/a0020860.

467

Baum and Ford, «The Wage Effects of Obesity».

468

Patricia V. Roehling et al., «Weight Discrimination and the Glass Ceiling Effect among Top US CEOs», Equal Opportunities International 28, no. 2 (February 13, 2009): 179–96, doi:10.1108/02610150910937916.

469

Patricia V. Roehling et al., «Weight Bias in US Candidate Selection and Election», Equality, Diversity and Inclusion 33, no. 4 (May 13, 2014): 334–46, doi:10.1108/EDI-10-2013-0081.

470

N. A. Schvey et al., «The Influence of a Defendant's Body Weight on Perceptions of Guilt», International Journal of Obesity (2005) 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 1275–81, doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.211.

471

Jason D. Seacat, Sarah C. Dougal, and Dooti Roy, «A Daily Diary Assessment of Female Weight Stigmatization», Journal of Health Psychology (March 18, 2014): 1359105314525067–, doi:10.1177/1359105314525067.

472

См. также: Puhl and Brownell, «Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma».

473

Michael Scherer, «The Elephant in the Room: How Chris Christie Can Win Over the GOP», Time, November 18, 2013.

474

Puhl and Brownell, «Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma».

475

См. главу 4 книги Poulton, «No Fat Chicks». См. также: Lesley, «What's Wrong with Fat-Shaming?», XOJane.com, 2012, http://www.xojane.com/issues/whats-wrong-fat-shaming. Эту грустную и превосходно написанную статью стоит прочесть целиком.

476

Poulton, «No Fat Chicks». См. также: Lesley, «What's Wrong with Fat-Shaming?».

477

Пример можно найти в работе: Rod Liddle, «If We Don't Stigmatise Fat People, There'll Be Lots More of Them», Spectator, October 19, 2013.

478

Daniel Callahan, «Obesity: Chasing an Elusive Epidemic», Hastings Center Report 43, no. 1 (2013): 34–40, doi:10.1002/hast.114. Помимо этого, автор заявляет, что порицание курильщиков в последние десятилетия помогло уменьшить их количество. Неясно, правда ли это, но даже если так, то совсем необязательно, что такой метод применим и для борьбы с ожирением (судя по данным, которые приводятся в этой главе, он неэффективен).

479

Liddle, «If We Don't Stigmatise Fat People, There'll Be Lots More of Them».

480

Brenda Major et al., «The Ironic Effects of Weight Stigma», Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 51 (March 2014): 74–80, doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.11.009.

481

Подтверждают это и другие эксперименты. См.: Elizabeth A. Pascoe and Laura Smart Richman, «Effect of Discrimination on Food Decisions», Self and Identity 10, no. 3 (July 2011): 396–406, doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.526384; Natasha A. Schvey, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, «The Impact of Weight Stigma on Caloric Consumption», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 10 (October 2011): 1957–62, doi:10.1038/oby.2011.204; Rebecca Puhl, Joerg Luedicke, and Jamie Lee Peterson, «Public Reactions to Obesity-Related Health Campaigns: A Randomized Controlled Trial», American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 36–48, doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.02.010.

482

Lenny R. Vartanian and Sarah A. Novak, «Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 4 (April 2011): 757–62, doi:10.1038/oby.2010.234; Lenny R. Vartanian and Jacqueline G. Shaprow, «Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior: A Preliminary Investigation among College-Aged Females», Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 131–38, doi:10.1177/1359105307084318.

483

Jason D. Seacat and Kristin D. Mickelson, «Stereotype Threat and the Exercise / Dietary Health Intentions of Overweight Women», Journal of Health Psychology 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 556–67, doi:10.1177/1359105309103575.

484

Vartanian and Shaprow, «Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior»; Vartanian and Novak, «Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise».

485

Чисто технически это предотвращало ожидаемое понижение уровня кортизола. Schvey, Puhl, and Brownell, «The Stress of Stigma». См. также: Tomiyama et al., «Associations of Weight Stigma with Cortisol and Oxidative Stress Independent of Adiposity».