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6. Ibid., p. 39; Keay, p. 206.

7. Quoted in Elliot and Dowson, pp. 26–27; Chandra, p. 17.

8. Chandra, p. 18.

9. Ibid., p. 19.

10. Romesh Chunder Dutt, A History of Civilisation in Ancient India (2000), pp. 325–326.

11. Ibn Fadlan, pp. 37–38.

12. James Heitzman, Gifts of Power (1997), p. 6; Keay, p. 216; E. Hultzsch and H. Krishna Sastri, Miscellaneous Inscriptions from the Tamil Country (1899), «Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates», v. 84.

13. Pechilis Premiss, pp. 100–101, 104.

14. Hultzsch and Sastri, «Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates», v. 87, 96–97.

15. Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty (2007), p. 68; Hultzsch and Sastri, «Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates», v. 92.

16. Hultzsch and Sastri, «Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates», v. 98, v. 112.

17. Heitzman, pp. 6-10.

18. Sen, p. 44.

Глава 73. Василий Болгаробойца

1. Michael Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (1966), p. 27.

2. John Van Antwerp Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans (1983), p. 189.

3. Ostrogorsky, p. 301.

4. Psellus, pp. 31, 35.

5. Franklin and Shepard, pp. 162–163; Psellus, p. 35.

6. Psellus, p. 43.

7. Ibid., pp. 40, 43–44, 46.

8. Ostrogorsky, pp. 309–310; Curta, pp. 244–245.

9. Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 2 (1974), pp. 26–27.

10. Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem (1996), pp. 258–259.

11. Whittow, р. 381; Farhad Daftary, A Short History of the Ismailis (1998), pp. 101, 185.

12. R. J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria (1997), pp. 21–22.

13. Armstrong, Jerusalem, pp. 259–260; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol., 2 pp. 26–27.

Глава 74. Защита мандата

1. Peter Lorge, War, Politics and Society in Early Modem China (2005), p. 32.

2. Karl F. Olsson, «The Structure of Power under the Third Emperor of Sung China» (1974), pp. 26–27.

3. Twitchett et ah, p. 99.

4. Van de Ven, p. 185.

5. Twitchett et ah, p. 99.

6. Peter Kees Bol, «This Culture of Ours»(1992), p. 55.

7. Lorge, pp. 33–34; Bol, pp. 51–52, 55.

8. Chuanjing Ding and Chu Djang, A Compilation of Anecdotes of Sung Personalities, trans, by Zhang Chu and Zhu Zhang (1989), p. 23.

9. Van de Ven, p. 189.

10. Jinsheng Tao, Two Sons of Heaven (1988), pp. 15–16.

11. Edward L. Davis, Society and the Supernatural in Song China (2001), p. 68.

12. Shepard Krech et ah, Encyclopedia of World Environmental History, vol. 2 (2004), p. 602.

13. Paludan, p. 130.

14. Joseph Needham and Cunxun Qian, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 5 (1985), p. 97.

Глава 75. Новая земля

1. Thorsson, pp. 637–638.

2. Ibid., pp. 638–641.

3. Ibid., p. 639.

4. Ibid., pp. 644–645.

5. Ibid., p. 647.

6. Ibid., pp. 648, 670; Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad, The Viking Discovery of America (2001), p. 48.

7. Alice Beck Kehoe, America Before the European Invasions (2002), p. 1.

8. Stuart J. Fiedel, Prehistory of the Americas (1987), pp. 152–153, 156–157; Kehoe, p. 102.

9. Fiedel, pp. 237, 254–257; Kehoe, pp. 175–177.

10. Kehoe, pp. 148–150; Fiedel, pp. 214–217.

11. Adams, p. 63.

12. Ibid., pp. 63–65.

13. Hans J. Prem, The Ancient Americas (1997), pp. 18–19; Robert J. Sharer and Sylvanus Griswold Morley, The Ancient Maya, 5th ed. (1994), pp. 471–472; Nicholas J. Saunders, Ancient Americas (2004), p. 84.

14. Adams, p. 79; Saunders, Ancient Americas, p. 48.

15. H. B. Nicholson, Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl (2001), pp. 250–251.

16. Prem, pp. 21–22; Adams, pp. 68–69; Saunders, Ancient Americas, p. 79.

17. Nicholson, pp. 10–11.

18. Prem, p. 24; Adams, p. 73.

19. Adams, p. 75.

Глава 76. Схизма

1. James Muldoon, Empire and Order (1999), pp. 34–35.

2. Alexander Clarence Flick, The Rise of the Mediaeval Church and Its Influence on the Civilisation of Western Europe from the First to the Thirteenth Century (1909), p. 403.

3. Althoff, p.72.

4. Flick, p. 404; Althoff, pp. 73–79.

5. Kelly, Oxford Dictionary of Popes, pp. 27–28.

6. Несколько сокращенно из: Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 119–120.

7. Thietmar of Merseburg, p. 187; Althoff, pp. 127–129.

8. Blumenthal, p. 42.

9. Ibid., p. 43.

10. Christopher Brooke, Europe in the Central Middle Ages, 962-1154, 2d ed. (1987), p. 227.

11. Robert Warrand Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle, A History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West (1915), pp. 146, 164, 228; Brooke, p. 229.

12. Flick, p. 408.

13. Brooke, p. 231; Karle Натре, Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors, trans. Ralph Bennett (1973), pp. 43–45.

14. Натре, p. 47.

15. Stefan Weinfurter, The Salian Century (1999), p. 101.

16. Flick, p. 410; F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages (2002), pp. 102–103.

17. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 121–122.

18. Ibid., p. 122.

19. Anna Comnena, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (1969), 1.10–11.

20. William of Apulia, «Gesta Roberti Wiscardi», book 2, in G. H. Pertz et ah, Chronica et annales aevi Salici (1963).

21. Goffredo Malaterra, The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard, trans. Kenneth Baxter Wolf (2005), book 1.

22. William of Apulia, book 2, in Pertz et al.

23. Henry Chadwick, East and West (2003), pp. 206–207, 211–213.

24. Horst Fuhrmann, Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200, trans. Timothy Reuter (1986), p. 55.

Глава 77. Господство данов

1. Howard, pp. 126, 133.

2. Henry of Huntingdon, p. 192; Swanton, p. 145.

3. Henry of Huntingdon, p. 195.

4. Swanton, p. 152; William of Malmesbury, p. 317.

5. Swanton, p. 153.

6. John of Worcester, Chronicles, vol. 2, p. 503.

7. Swanton, pp. 157–159.

8. Ibid., p. 159.

9. Peter Rex, Harold II (2005), pp. 26–27; Swanton, p. 158.

10. Encomium Emmae Reginae, trans. Alistair Campbell (1998), p. xxxiv.

11. Swanton, p. 160.

12. Benjamin T. Hudson, Prophecy of Berchdn (1996), pp. 223–224.

13. Swanton, pp. 160–162.

Глава 78. Норманнское завоевание

1. David Howarth, 1066 (1977), p. 34; John of Worcester, Chronicles, vol. 2 p. 535.

2. William of Malmesbury, p. 353.

3. Henry of Huntingdon, p. 202; William of Malmesbury, p. 353.

4. Henry of Huntingdon, p. 202.

5. William of Malmesbury, p. 353; John of Worcester, Chronicles, vol. 2, pp. 570–571.

6. Howarth, pp. 67–68, 74–75.

7. Swanton, pp. 194–195.

8. Swanton, p. 196.

9. Howarth, pp. 127–129; Rex, pp. 217–219.

10. Howarth, pp. 134–135.

11. Henry of Huntingdon, p. 209.

12. Swanton, pp. 198–199.

Глава 79. Короли Испании

1. Watt, pp. 81–82; Abd Allah b. Buluggin, The Tibyan, trans. Amin T. Tibi (1986), p. 43.

2. Abd Allah b. Buluggin, p 43; Watt, p. 82.

3. Hugh Kennedy, «Muslim Spain and Portugal», in David Luscome and Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds., The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4 (2004), p. 599.

4. Abd Allah b. Buluggin, p. 43.

5. Manuela Marin and Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Handbuch der Orientalistik 12, Abt. 1, Bd. (1992), p. 46.

6. Peter C. Scales, The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba (1994), p. 93; Marin and Jayyusi, p. 48.

7. Scales, pp. 2, 9, 99.

8. Anita George, Annals of the Queens of Spain (1850), pp. 52–53.

9. Pedro, King of Aragon, The Chronicle of San Juan De La Peha, trans. Lynn H. Nelson (1991), p. 14.

10. Simon Barton and R. A. Fletcher, The World of El Cid (2000), pp. 49–50.

11. Ibid., p. 101.

12. Ibid., p. 32.

13. Ibid., p. 103; trans., John Ormsby, The Poem of the Cid, (1879), p. 63.

14. Marin and Jayyusi, p. 61.

15. Roland Oliver and Brian M. Fagan, Africa in the Iron Age, c. 500 BC to AD 1400 (1975), p. 160.

16. Oliver and Fagan, p. 160; David Robinson, Muslim Societies in African History (2004), pp. 39–40.

17. Oliver and Fagan, p. 161; Arie Schippers, Spanish Hebrew Poetry and the Arab Literary Tradition (1994), p. 331; Barton and Fletcher, p. 113.

18. Watt, p. 98.

19. Richard A. Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (1990), p. 185; Barton and Fletcher, p. 147.

20. Bernard F. Reilly, The Medieval Spains (1993), p. 99; Luscome and Riley-Smith, p. 609; Marm and Jayyusi, pp. 64–65.

21. George, pp. 187–188; Reilly, p. 109.

Глава 80. Появление турок

1. Psellus, pp. 53, 57.

2. Ibid., pp. 64–65.

3. Ibid., p. 81.

4. Shaun Tougher, «Byzantine Eunuchs: An Overview, with Special Reference to Their Creation and Origin», in Liz James, ed., Women, Men, and Eunuchs (1997), pp. 178–179.

5. Psellus, p. 93.

6. Ibid., p. 116.

7. Ibid., pp. 138–139.

8. Ibid., p. 155.

9. Ibid., p. 158.

10. Luscome and Riley-Smith, p. 230.

11. Grousset, p. 150.

12. Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir, The Annals of the Saljuq Turks, trans. D. S. Richards (2002), pp. 67–68; Ibrahim Kafesoglu and Gary Leiser, A History of the Seljuks (1988), pp. 40–41.

13. Psellus, pp. 224–225.

14. Ibid., p. 300.

15. Archer Jones, The Art of War in the Western World (1987), p. 100.

16. Ibid., p. 101.

17. Psellus, pp. 365–366.

Глава 81. Падение династии Сун

1. Ruth W. Dunnell, The Great State of White and High (1996), p. 37.

2. Ibid., pp. 38–39.

3. Ebrey, pp. 140–141.

4. Lorge, p. 45.

5. Lorge, p. 46.

6. Gernet, pp. 310–311; Needham et al., pp. 93–94.

7. Twitchett et al., pp. 216, 219.

8. Lee et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 275; Lee, New History of Korea, p. 126.

9. Lee, New History of Korea, pp. 127–128.

10. Twitchett et ah, p. 222.

11. Stephen Eskildsen, The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters (2004), pp. 192–193.

12. Lorge, pp. 50–51.

13. David R. Olson and Michael Cole, Technology, Literacy and the Evolution of Society (2006), pp. 60–61.

14. Lorge, pp. 53–54.

15. Ebrey, p. 170.

Глава 82. Хождение в Каноссу

1. Fuhrmann, р. 52.

2. Ian S. Robinson, Henry IV of Germany (2000), p. 43.

3. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 417–418.

4. Robinson, Henry IV of Germany (2000), pp. 110–111.

5. Ibid., p. in.

6. R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (1970), p.

102; H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Register of Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (1998), p. 557.

7. Blumenthal, pp. 110–113; Cowdrey, pp. 130–131.

8. Cowdrey, pp. 133–134.

9. Ibid., p. 134.

10. Ibid., p. 137.

11. Ibid., p. 138.

12. Ibid., p. 141.

13. Fuhrmann, p. 65.

14. Ibid., p. 156.

15. Fuhrmann, pp. 65–66.

Глава 83. Призыв

1. Psellus, р. 369 and n. I, pp. 369–370; Ostrogorsky, pp. 347–348.

2. Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, pp. 149–150.

3. Armstrong, Jerusalem, pp. 268–269.

4. Ostrogorsky, pp. 348–349.

5. Comnena, 3.8–9.

6. Robinson, Henry TV of Germany, pp. 194–196.

7. Ibid., p. 204.

8. Comnena, 3.10.

9. Robinson, Henry IV of Germany, pp. 229–231.

10. Cowdrey, p. 446.

11. Dante, Inferno, trans. Allen Mandelbaum (1982), canto 28, lines 13–16.

12. Daftary, A Short History of the Ismailis, p. 125.

13. Thomas Asbridge, The First Crusade (2004), p. 32.

14. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 513–517.

Глава 84. Борьба за Иерусалим

1. Comnena, 10.5–6.

2. William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, vol. 1, trans. Emily Atwater Babcock and A. C. Krey (1976), pp. 98–99.

3. Comnena, 10.5.

4. Ibid., pp. 105–106; John France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic

Christendom, 1000–1714 (2005), pp. 65–66.

5. William of Tyre, p. 109.

6. Comnena (1969), 10.9-10.

7. Asbridge, p. 158; France, pp. 76–77.

8. William of Tyre, pp. 214–215; France, p. 77.

9. Ibn Al-Qala nisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, trans. Hamilton Gibb (2003), p. 43; Jean de Joinville and Geoffrey de Villehardouin, Chronicle of the Crusades, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, p. 8; Asbridge (2004), pp. 150–151; William of Tyre, pp. 239–240.

10. Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 1 (1951), pp. 227–228.

11. France, p. 79; Comnena, 10.11.

12. William of Tyre, p. 258.

13. Ibid., pp. 270–274.

14. William of Tyre, p. 281; Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 1, pp. 244–245.

15. France, p. 84.

16. William of Tyre, pp. 352–353; France, pp. 86–87.

17. William of Tyre, p. 368; France, pp. 88–89.

18. Ibn AI-Qala nisi, p. 48. 102 Notes

Глава 85. Последствия

1. Clay Stalls, Possessing the Land (1995), p. 37.

2. Olivia Remie Constable, Medieval Iberia (1997). pp. 156–157.

3. Comnena, 9.8.

4. Malcolm Barber and A. K. Bate, eds., The Templars (2002), p. 27; William of Tyre, pp. 524–525.

5. Barber and Bate, p. 32.

Использованные источники

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Adams, Richard E. W. Ancient Civilizations of the New World. Boulder, Colo.: Wesrview Press, 1997.

Agathias. The Histories. Trans. Joseph D. Frendo. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. 2A. Series Berolinensis. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter, 1975. al-Hakam, Ibn Abd. The History of the Conquest of Spain. Trans. John Harris Jones. New York: Burt Franklin, 1858.

al-Makkari, Ahmed ibn Mohammed. The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. Trans. Pascual de Gayangos. London: Roudedge, 2002. al-Radi, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Sharif. Nahjul Balagha: Sermons, Letters, and Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib. Trans. Mohammad Askari Jafery. Elmhurst, N.Y.: Tahrike Tarsile Quran, 1984.

al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History ofal-Tabari. Bibliotheca Persica, ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. Vol. 5: The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Trans. Clifford Edmund Bosworth. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.

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Vol. 26: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate. Trans. Carole Hillenbrand. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

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