Рейтинговые книги
Читем онлайн Древний Китай. Том 2: Период Чуньцю (VIII-V вв. до н.э.) - Леонид Васильев

Шрифт:

-
+

Интервал:

-
+

Закладка:

Сделать
1 ... 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 ... 178

181. Eno R. Was there a High God Ti in Shang Religion? — Early China 15.1990.

182. Erkes E. Some Remarks on Karlgren's «Fecundity Symbols in Ancient China». — BMFEA. 1931, № 3.

183. Erkes E. Das Problem der Sklaverei in China. В., 1954.

184. Felber R. Die Entwicklung der Austausch-verhaltnisse im alten China (Ende 8. Jh. bis Anfang 5. Jh.v.u.Z.). В., 1973.

185. Fingarette H. Confucius — the Secular as Sacred. N. Y., 1972.

186. Fitzgerald C.P. China. A Short Cultural History. L., 1935.

186a. Fitzgerald-Huber L.G. Qijia and Erlitou: the Question of Contacts with Distant Cultures. — Early China 20. 1995.

187. Franke O. Das Problem des Tschun-ts'iu und Tung Tschung-schu's Tschun-ts'iu fanlu. — Mitteilungen des Seminars fur orientalischen Sprachen. 1918, Jahrg. XXI. Abt. 1.

188. Franke O. Geschichte des chinesisches Reiches. Bd. 1. В., 1930.

189. Fraser E.D. C. and Lockhart J.H.S. Index to the Tso Chuan. Oxf., 1930.

190. Gates J. Mobel Emperors of the Golden Age in Chinese Lore. — Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1936, vol. 56, № 1.

191. Granet M. La polygynie sororale et le sororat dans la Chine feodale. — Etudes sociologiques sur la Chine. P., 1953.

192. Haenisch E. Politische Systeme und Kampfe im alten China. В., 1951.

193. Harlez C. de. Koue-yu. — Journal Asiatique. 1893, vol. II; 1894, vol. III.

194. Harlez C. de. Koue-yu. Discours de royaumes. Annales oratoires des etats chinois du X-e au V-e siecle av. J.-C. Louvain, 1895.

195. Hart J. A. The Speach of Prince Chin: A Study of Early Chinese Cosmology. — Explorations in Early Chinese Cosmology, ed. by H.Rosemond. California, 1984.

196. Hentze C. Objets rituels, croyances et dieux de la Chine antique et de l'Amerique. Anvers, 1936.

197. Hirth F. The Ancient History of China to the End of the Chou Dynasty. N. Y., 1923 (sec. ed. — 1969).

198. Hodous L. Folkways in China. L., 1929.

199. Holzer R. Yen-tzu und das Yen-tzu ch'un ch'iu. Frankf. a/M., 1983.

200. Hsu Cho-yun. Ancient China in Transition. Stanford, 1965.

201. Imber A. Kuo Yu: An Early Chinese Text and its Relationship with the Tso Chuan. Vol. 1,2. Stockholm, 1975.

202. Karlgren B. On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan. — Goteborg Hogskolas Arshrift. XXXII, 3. 1926.

203. Karlgren B. Some Fecundity Symbols in Ancient China. — BMFEA. 1930, № 2.

204. Karlgren B. The Early History of the Chou Li and Tso Chuan Text. — BMFEA. 1931, № 3.

205. Karlgren B. Grammata Serica. — BMFEA. 1940, № 12.

206. Karlgren B. Some Weapons and Tools of the Yin Dynasty. — BMFEA. 1945, № 17.

207. Karlgren B. Legends and Cults in Ancient China. — BMFEA. 1946, № 18.

208. Karlgren B. The Book of Documents. — BMFEA. 1950, № 22.

209. Keightley D.N. (ed.). The Origin of Chinese Civilization. Berkeley, 1983.

210. Kennedy G.A. Interpretation of the Ch'un Ch'iu. — Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. LXII. Baltimore, 1942.

211. Lau D.C. Confucius. The Analects (Lun yu). Harmondsworth, 1979.

212. Legge J. The Chinese Classics. Vol. I–V. Hongkong-London. 1861–1872 (led.); Taipei, 1985 (reprinted).

213. Legge J. The Li Ki. Sacred Book of China. The Text of Confucianism transl. by J. Legge. Vol. 1–2. Oxf., 1882; reprinted by Ch'u Chai & Winberg Chai. N. Y., 1967.

214. Lewis M.E. Sanctioned Violence in Early China. N. Y., 1990.

215. Li Xueqin. Eastern Zhou and Qin Civilization. Yale, 1985.

216. Loehr M. Chinese Bronze Age Weapons. Ann Arbor, 1956.

217. Mair V.H. Old Sinitic myag, old Persian mague, and English «Magician». — Early China 15, 1980.

218. Mair V.H. Mummies of the Tarim Basin. Dissicated Remains Found in Western China Point to the Spread of Indo-Europeans some 4000 Years ago. — Archaeology. 1995, April-May.

219. Maspero H. Legendes myphologiques dans le Chou King. — Journal Asiatique. Vol. 202, 1924.

220. Maspero H. La religion chinoise dans son developpement historique. — Mёlanges posthumes sur les religions et l'histoire de la Chine. Т. 1. P, 1950.

221. Maspero H. China in Antiquity (Engl, transl. of «La Chine antique». P, 1927). Cambr, Mass., 1978.

222. Munsterberg O. Influences occidentales dans Tart de Г Extreme-Orient. P, 1909.

223. Nivison D.S. 1040 as the Date of the Chou Conquest. — Early China 8. 1982–1983.

224. Nivison D.S. Western Chou History Reconstructed from Bronze Inscriptions. — The Great Bronze Age of China. A Symposium. Los Angeles, 1983.

225. Pulleyblank E. Chinese and Indo-Europeans. — Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1966, pt. 1–2.

226. Rickett W.A. Kuan-tzu. Hongkong, 1965.

227. Rotours R. La religion dans la Chine antique. — Brilliant M., Aigrain R. Histoire des religions. T. 1–2. P, 1953.

228. Saussure L. Le systdme cosmologique Sino-Iranien. — Journal Asiatique. T. 202, 1923.

229. Schafer E.H. Ritual Exposure in Ancient China. — Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Vol. 14. 1951.

230. Schindler B. The Development of the Chinese Conceptions of Suprem Beings. — Asia Major. Hirth Anniversary Volume. 1923.

231. Schwartz B. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, Mass, 1985.

232. Shaughnessy E.L. The «Current» Bamboo Annals and the Date of the Zhou Conquest of Shang. — Early China 11–12. 1985–1987.

233. Shaughnessy E.L. On the Authenticity of the Bamboo Annals. — Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Vol. 46. 1986, № 1.

234. Shaughnessy E.L. The Origin of an Yijing Line Statement. — Early China 20. 1995.

235. Shaughnessy E.L. Military Histoires of Early China: A Review Article. — Early China 21. 1996.

236. Shah S.I. Oriental Magic. N. Y, 1957.

237. Steele J. The I-li, or Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial. Vol. 1–2. L, 1917.

238. Tempe R. The Genius of China. N. Y, 1987.

239. Tokei F. Sur le mode production asiatique. Budapest, 1966.

240. Tschepe A. Der T'ai-schan und seine Kultstatten. Jentschoufu, 1906.

241. Tschepe A. Histoire du royaume de Tsin (1106-452). Chang-hai, 1910.

242. Vandermersch L. Wangdao, ou La voie royale: recherche sur l^sprit des institutions de la Chine archaique. P, 1977.

243. Waley A. The Analects of Confucius. N. Y„1938.

244. Walker R.L. The Multi-States System of Ancient China. Westport, 1953.

245. Ware J.R. The Sayings of Confucius. N. Y, 1955.

246. Waterbury F. Burd-Deities in China. Ascona, 1952.

247. Wittfogel K.A. Oriental Despotism. New-Haven, 1957.

248. Wright H.K. The Religious Elements in the Tso Chuan. — Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XLVIII. 1917.

249. Yabuuti K. Chinese Astronomy: Development and Limiting Factors. — Chinese Science (ed. by S.Narayama and N.Sivin). Cambr, Mass, 1973.

Условные сокращения

ОГК — Научная конференция «Общество и государство в Китае». М.

BMFEA — Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Stockholm

Abstract. L.S. Vasiliev. Ancient China

This book is the second volume (Ch'un-Ch'iu China) of a three-volume publication about the history and culture of Ancient China. The first volume (Prehistory, Shang history and Western Chou history) was published in Moscow in 1995. The third one is being prepared and will be published in several years. This abstract contains a brief review of the contents and the range of problems of the first two volumes. The main purpose of this work is to give a more or less comprehensive characteristic of the ancient Chinese society and its history, the process of sociogenesis and politogenesis, formation of the basis of ideology and culture and establishing traditions. Special attention is given to the genetic links and outside influence that took place during this complex process. The presentation starts with the prehistory of China and finishes with the composition of the empire. The first two volumes are dedicated to the period before the 5th century ВС.

The first volume starts with the presentation of prehistory problems. Chinese archaeology has achieved considerable successes. Since they are well-known it spares us the need to represent them in detail. Interpretation of data obtained by archaeologists and anthropologists is another thing. Personal positions of various specialists may sometimes be completely the opposite. The contents of the first volume are not fully identical to the notions which the majority of specialists tend to adhere to, especially in the CPR. In particular, there are serious grounds to think that a sinantrop was a dead-end branch of the gominid line, although its descendants could have played an important role in the process of miscegenation with migrants from the West. The latter moved along the steppe line and reached America via Bering Isthmus, which is a well-known fact. The finds of the first sapient people on the territory of northern China (the three skulls from the grotto Shangt'ingt'ung) testify the lack of racial distinction or any resemblance to Mongoloid characteristics in each of them. As far as Neolith is concerned, there are no traces of Neolithic revolution on the territory of China. Despite its considerable specifics, the earliest of Neolithic cultures, Yangshao, which ascends to approximately the 6th-5th millennia ВС, belongs to a series of Eurasian cultures of painted ceramics that are well-known to archaeologists according to a number of important enthnogenetic characteristics (paintings on ceramics and their main motifs). The second Neolithic culture, Lungshan, which superceded the first one at the end of the 3rd millennium ВС, was already familiar with the potter's wheel, cattle and cereals (wheat, barley), which were domesticated in the Middle East. This serves as a rather convincing proof of its origin.

The question is not that proto-Chinese did not contribute anything to the development of Neolithic cultures on their territory. On the contrary, they did a lot and ultimately created their own neolithic foundations for further development. But it is out of the question to consider the basis as a fully indigenous one. Bronze Age culture started to develop in Ancient China from the beginning of the 2nd millennium ВС on the basis of Yangshao-Lungshan Neolithic Age, first as an early stage (Erlitou-Erligang) and later as a late one (Anyang). It is possible to pose the question of north-western influence already with reference to the period of the early Bronze Age (18th-14th centuries ВС) which is represented by bronze arms and vessels. For decades experts wrote a lot about it. Approximately at the same time the first centers of still very primitive urban culture emerged, which were developed on the Ancient Chinese Neolithic basis. On the other hand, findings dating to the late Bronze Age from the excavations in Anyang amazed archaeologists. In late 20-s and early 30-s over a dozen of so-called royal tombs with plenty of bronze and other magnificently elaborated items, chariots with domesticated horses harnessed to them and a huge number of co-buried people were found on that territory. Also an archive was found, which consisted of hundreds of thousands of inscriptions written on scapula bones of ox and on turtle plastrons (about 1000 various drawing signs similar to pictograms altogether). Horses domesticated by Indo-Europeans, chariots with a lot of spokes invented by them and many other things leave no doubt that the origin of the Shang civilization was connected with at least some external influence. At the same time there is a doubtless Chinese component in this process, suffice it to say about silk, which had been already known in the Shang China.

From the inscriptions on the bones experts learned a lot about the Shang society and proto-state, which was located in the middle part of the Huang-Ho basin, a short distance to the north of the river. It was headed by a ruler-wang, who governed his subjects with the help of a large number of officials. Relatives of the ruler, who governed the regional subdivisions at the borders of the Shang proto-state, as well as the officials formed the top of society. They drove on chariots and headed troops in frequent battles with the more backward neighbours, who developed fast and selected their own leaders. Peasants worked in the fields, including big commonly cultivated ones, possibly, in the course of corve, and the crops from the fields went for ritual needs or to support the upper strata and their servants. Hunting, which alongside with other things was considered a good training for warriors, played an important role.

What calls to notice is the historical amnesia of the Shang people and the lack of mythology or any ideas about gods. In hundreds of thousands of brief inscriptions deciphered by specialists one can find addresses to the "upper ancestors" of the wang (ti or shang-ti) with requests of a current everyday character: about the crops, rain, victory over the enemy, successful delivery for the wang's wife, etc. But there is no mention of past glorious deeds, the events of a former period of time or clashes with enemies in the past. The people of Shang had no gods or temples devoted to them or priests serving them.

Chou, the ruler of one of the fast developing neighbouring tribes, married his son Ch'ang to the daughter of one of Shang aristocrats. Having become a ruler and adopting many elements of the Shang culture, including literacy, from his mother, Ch'ang did a lot to weaken the Shang people and conquer them. At the end of his long period of reign he even took the title of wang which was an open challenge to the Shang wang. But Wen — wang (Wen was his posthumous name which is familiar to every Chinese person) did not live to the desired victory. His son Wu-wang routed the Shang but died shortly after the conquest. Chou-kung, the brother of Wu — wang, became the regent of Wu's young son, Cheng-wang. It fell to his lot to organize the rule over the Chou people on the vast territory of the Huang-Ho basin where the defeated Shang (the Chou called them the Yin) were resettled, as well as tribes allied to the Chou lived.

1 ... 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 ... 178
На этой странице вы можете бесплатно читать книгу Древний Китай. Том 2: Период Чуньцю (VIII-V вв. до н.э.) - Леонид Васильев бесплатно.

Оставить комментарий