Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

East Indies… and an Account of Chinese Husbandry, by Captain Charles Gustavus Eckeberg, trans. John Reinhold Forster, F.A.S., vol. 2 (London, Benjamin White, 1771), 197. Впрочем, ни Саббан, ни Мазумдар не упоминают о процессе диффузии – вместо этого они говорят о выдавливании сока из прокипяченной багассы. Sabban, «Sucre candi,» 202; Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 129–130.

29 Sato, Sugar in the Social Life, 49; Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East…, trans. and ed. Henry Yule and Henry Cordier, 2 vols (London: Murray, 1903), 1:intro., 98; 2:226.

30 Angela Schottenhammer, «Yang Liangyao’s Mission of 785 to the Caliph of Baghdad: Evidence of an Early Sino-Arabic Power Alliance?» Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extreme-Orient 101 (2015): 191, 208, 211; Xianlin, A History of Sugar, 127–128.

31 Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 162–163, Sabban, «L’industrie sucrière,» 843; Needham, Daniels, and Menzies, Sugar Cane Technology, 95–98.

32 Daniels and Daniels, «The Origin,» 528; Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 152–158. О теории, согласно которой на американском континенте на основе горизонтальной мельницы с тремя валками создали вертикальную, см.: Sabban, «L’industrie sucrière,» 824, 829, 831.

33 Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 160–161.

34 Chin-Keong Ng, Boundaries and Beyond: China’s Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times (Singapore: NUS Press, 2017), 104, 239–240.

35 Darra Goldstein, The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 372, 467.

36 Данные собраны Нагацуми и приводятся в источнике: George Bryan Souza, «Hinterlands, Commodity Chains, and Circuits in Early Modern Asian History: Sugar in Qing China and Tokugawa Japan,» in Hinterlands and Commodities, ed. Tsukasa Mizushima, George Bryan Souza, and Dennis Owen Flynn (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 34.

37 Ng, Boundaries and Beyond, 227–228.

38 К середине XVII века среди населения китайского Тайваня, составлявшего 21 500 человек, 93 % составляли взрослые мужчины. См.: «Generale missiven van gouverners-generaal en raden aan heren XVII den Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie,» II, Grote Serie 112, 354–355, http://resources.huygens.khaw.nl/voctaiwan. Также в архивах Голландской Ост-Индской компании упоминается, что в производство сахара были вовлечены группы, названные kongsis: VOC, Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, Taiwan, July 12, 1655, fol. 669, http://resources.huygens.khaw.nl/voctaiwan.

39 Chin-Keong Ng, Trade and Society: The Amoy Network on the China Coast, 1683–1735 (Singapore: NUS Press, 2015), 104, 134; Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 300; John Robert Shepherd, Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier: 1600–1800 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), 159; Xianlin, A History of Sugar, 376.

40 Robert B.Marks and Chen Chunsheng, «Price Inflation and Its Social, Economic, and Climatic Context in Guangdong Province, 1707–1800,» T’oung Pao 81, fasc. 1/3 (1995): 117; Guanmian Xiu, «Sweetness and Chaozhou: Construction of Tropical Commodity Chains of the Early Modern China Coast, 1560s–1860s» (MA thesis, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2017), 57–59; Guanmian Xiu, «From the Atlantic to the Manchu: Taiwan Sugar and the Early Modern World, 1630s–1720s,» Journal of World History 33, no. 2 (2022): 295; Xianlin, A History of Sugar, 347, 414.

41 Osbeck, A Voyage to China, 2:297.

42 Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 173–177. См. также: Yukuo Uyehara, «Ryukyu Islands, Japan,» Economic Geography 9, no. 4 (1933): 400.

43 Yasuzo Horie, «The Encouragement of ‘Kokusan’ () or Native Products in the Tokugawa Period,» Kyoto University Economic Review 16, no. 2 (36) (1941): 45, 47; Souza, «Hinterlands,» 41–42; Laura Mason, Sweets and Candy: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2018), 18; Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 777.

44 Tansen Sen, «The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200–1450,» Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 4 (2006): 426; Craig A. Lockard, «‘The Sea Common to All’: Maritime Frontiers, Port Cities, and Chinese Traders in the Southern Asian Age of Commerce, ca. 1400–1750,» Journal of World History 21, no. 2 (2010): 229–230.

45 Xianlin, A History of Sugar, 261, 263, 274.

46 См.: Guanmian Xu, «The ‘Perfect Map’ of Widow Hiamtse: A Micro-Spatial History of Sugar Plantations in Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1685–1710,» International Review of Social History 67, no. 1 (2021): 97–126.

47 Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 68; John A. Larkin, Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993), 21.

48 Agustin de la Cavada y Méndez de Vigo, Historia geográfica, geológicos y estadísticos de las Islas de Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao y Jolo: Y los que Correspónden a las Islas Batanes, Calamianes, Balabac, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao y Burias, Situadas al n. so. y s. de Luzon, vol. 2 (Manila, Philippines: Imp. de Ramirez y Giraudier, 1876), vol. 2, 410.

49 Larkin, Sugar and the Origins, 22, 25–26; Nathaniel Bowditch and Mary C.McHale, Early American-Philippine Trade: The Journal of Nathaniel Bowditch in Manila, 1796 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies / Cellar Book Shop, Detroit, 1962), 31n.14.

50 Lockard, «‘The Sea Common,’» 237.

51 Pierre Poivre, Voyages d’un philosophe ou observations sur les moeurs et les arts des peuples de l’Afrique, de l’Asie et de l’Amerique, 3rd ed. (Paris: Du Pont, 1796), 89.

52 John Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy from the Governor General of India to the Courts of Siam, vol. 1 (London: S. and R.Bentley, 1828), 474; Ritter, Über die geographische, 40; John White, History of a Voyage to the China Sea (Boston: Wells and Lily, 1823), 251, 260–261.

53 A.D.Blue, «Chinese Emigration and the Deck Passenger Trade,» Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 10 (1970): 80.

54 Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du royaume Thai ou Siam, vol. 1 (Paris: Mission de Siam, 1854), 80–82.

55 James Carlton Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand since 1850 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1955), 4, 123–124; Jacob Baxa and Guntwin Bruhns, Zucker im Leben der Völker: Eine Kulturund Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Berlin: Bartens, 1967), 155.

56 Jean-Paul Morel, «Aux Archives Pusy La Fayette: Les archives personnelles de Pierre Poivre. Mémoire sur la Cochinchine,» no. 25 (April 2020): 8, http://www.pierre-poivre.fr/Arch-pusy-D.pdf; Pierre Poivre, Voyages d’un Philosophe, 90.

57 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 47–48.

58 James Low, A Dissertation on the Soil&Agriculture of the British Settlement of Penang, or Prince of Wales Island… Including Province Wellesley on the Malayan Peninsula… (Singapore: